Index
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
References are to paragraph numbers except where specified as table, figure (fig.), or page number (p.). Page numbers in the online edition link directly to terms in the glossary.
- a and an
- and abbreviations, 5.250, 7.33, 10.9
- choice between, 5.74, 5.250, 7.32, 7.33
- and coordinate nouns, 5.75
- as indefinite articles, 5.70, 5.72, 5.73
- meaning affected by, 5.75, 5.76, 5.77
- omitted from titles in running text, 8.169
- in titles, disregarded in alphabetizing, 14.71, 14.79, 14.80, 16.51, 16.52, 16.56, 16.68
- See also articles (definite and indefinite)
- AAs (author’s alterations), 2.70, 2.135, 2.136, p. 975
- abbreviations, general
- alphabetizing of, 1.44, 15.37, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8
- a or an with, 5.250, 7.33, 10.9
- articles with, 5.250, 7.33, 10.9
- in chart labels, 3.45
- in compound terms, 6.80
- definitions and uses, 10.2, 10.3
- derived from proper names, 10.6, 10.49, 10.52
- at end of sentence, 6.14
- indexing of, 16.46, 16.49, 16.64
- lists of: alphabetizing, 1.44, fig. 1.8; cross-checking, 2.32; format and placement, 1.4, 1.44, 2.23, 14.60, fig. 1.8, fig. 14.3; for frequently cited works, 14.60, fig. 14.7; when to create, 10.3
- in notes, 10.3, 10.24, 10.26, 10.27, 10.42, 10.44
- numbers with, 7.89 (sec. 1), 9.16–17
- plurals of, 7.15, 8.121, 10.49, 10.52, 10.53, 10.65, 14.150
- possessives of, 6.43, 6.44, 7.17, 8.189
- punctuation with: ampersands, 6.21, 10.10; commas (see commas: with abbreviations); hyphens, 6.80; periods (see periods [punctuation]: with abbreviations); slashes, 6.109, 10.4; and surrounding text, 6.123
- spelled out: capitalization, 2.23, 10.6, 10.21, 10.52; marking manuscript for, 2.93; marking proofs for, 2.129; parentheses with, 7.17, 10.3
- vs. spelled-out forms: after first occurrence, 1.44, 10.26; repeated after long interval, 10.3 (see also under abbreviations, specific)
- in tables, 3.56, 3.62, 3.67, 3.81, fig. 3.12
- typographic considerations: capitalization, 10.6, 10.25–26, 10.49, 10.52, 10.63; italic vs. roman type, 2.23, 10.7; line breaks, 7.44; small caps vs. lowercase, 10.41; small vs. full-size capitals, 10.8, 10.38; spacing, 9.16, 9.55–56, 10.5, 10.10, 10.12, 10.49, 10.58, 10.66
- word division, 7.44
- See also abbreviations, specific; acronyms; contractions; initialisms
- abbreviations, specific
- Bible, 10.42, 10.44–48, 14.238–39
- business and commerce, 10.69 (see also company names below)
- commas with: academic and professional designations, 10.21, 10.22; addresses, mailing, 10.27, 10.29; e.g. and i.e., 5.250; etc. and et al., 6.20; Inc., Ltd., and such, 6.44; Jr., Sr., and such, 6.43; o.s., n.s. (old series, new series), 14.126, 14.184
- company names, 8.189, 10.23–25, 14.133, 14.134, 14.136
- computer terminology, 7.77, 7.80, 9.11, 10.39, 10.40, 10.49
- eras, 9.34, 9.64, 10.38, 13.67, 14.59–60, fig. 14.7
- geographical terms: compass points, 10.34, 10.35; latitude and longitude, 10.36; postal vs. standard abbreviations, 10.33
- for illustrative matter in indexes, 16.116
- of italicized terms, 2.23, 10.7
- journal titles, 14.170, 15.13, 15.46, 16.49
- Latin, 7.55, 10.7, 10.42 (see also et al.; ibid.)
- in legal-style citations (see under legal and public documents, source citations for)
- in mailing addresses, 10.27, 10.28, 10.29, 10.33, 10.34
- mathematical, 12.3, 12.11, 12.17, 12.36, 12.49, 12.60, 12.64, table 12.2
- musical works, 8.195, 8.196
- names, personal, 10.11–22; civil titles, 10.13, 10.14; given names, 10.11; Jr., Sr., III, and such, 6.43, 7.42, 10.19, 16.41; list of, 14.60; punctuation and spacing, 10.12; with Saint, 16.74; speakers in interviews or discussions, 13.48 (see also initials: in and as names; titles and offices of people below)
- organization names, 10.23–26, 14.274, 15.37, 16.46, 16.64
- place-names: Canadian provinces and territories, 10.28; city plus state, comma with, 10.29; country names, 10.31, 10.32, 14.290; with Fort, Saint, and such, 10.30, 11.26, 16.93; US, when to use, 10.32; US states and territories, 10.4, 10.8, 10.27, 14.130
- in publication details, 1.21
- resources on, 10.1
- scholarly, 10.42
- scientific and technical (see under scientific and technical terminology)
- in source citations: classical Greek and Latin works, 14.244–47, 14.250; classic English works, 14.254; editions, 14.113, 15.6; editor, translator, and such, 14.20–21, 14.23, 14.68–69, 14.103–4, 15.6, 15.9, 15.15; frequently cited works, 13.67, 14.59–60, fig. 14.7; interviews and personal communications, 15.53; legal-style citations (see under legal and public documents, source citations for); non-English bibliographic terms, 14.102; organization names, 14.274, 15.37; pseud, 14.80, 15.35; publishers’ names, 14.133–34, 14.136; recto and verso, 14.154–55; reference lists, generally, 15.15; self-published materials, 14.137; states, provinces, and countries, 14.130; s.v. (sub verbo), 14.232; titles of works, 14.59–60, 14.170, 15.13, 15.46, fig. 14.7
- vs. spelled-out form: Bible, 10.44; civil titles, 10.13, 10.14; compass points in place-names, 10.34; country names, 10.31, 10.32, 14.290; edited by, 14.20–21, 14.103–4, 14.122, 15.6, 15.9, 15.15; given names, 10.11; latitude and longitude, 10.36; legal and public documents, 14.274; organization names, 10.24, 10.26; Saint, St., 10.20; social titles, 10.16, 10.17; states and territories, 10.27, 10.28; United States vs. US, 10.32
- time designations (see under time designations)
- titles and offices of people: academic and professional designations, 7.15, 10.4, 10.16, 10.21, 10.22; civil titles, 10.13, 10.14; honorifics, 10.18; military, 8.24, 10.13, 10.15; social titles, 10.4, 10.16, 10.17; St., 10.20
- titles of works: italics for, 10.7; resources on, 15.46; vs. short titles, 14.59; in source citations, 14.59–60, 14.170, 15.13, 15.46, fig. 14.7
- for typescripts, 14.226
- units of measurement (see under units of measurement)
- in vessel names, 8.116
- See also postal codes; and specific abbreviations
- about the author. See biographical notes
- abridgements, 2.61, 4.14, 4.75
- absolute (independent) possessive pronouns, 5.49
- absolute (positive) adjectives, 5.84
- absolute (positive) adverbs, 5.162
- absolute constructions, 5.35, 5.111
- abstractions, 8.37, 8.94
- abstract nouns, 5.5, 5.7
- abstracts
- of books, 1.76, 2.25
- and copyright issues, 4.64
- of dissertations and theses, 14.215
- of journal articles, 1.87, 1.92–95, 2.25, 14.186
- manuscript preparation guidelines, 2.3, 2.25
- and metadata, 1.92, 2.25
- proofreading of, 2.100
- source citations for, 14.186, 14.215
- Abu, Abd, Ibn, 16.75
- academic concerns
- course names, 8.86
- degrees and affiliations: abbreviations, 7.15, 10.4, 10.16, 10.21, 10.22; of author, 1.19, 1.50, 1.64, 1.66, 1.92, 1.95, 1.100; capitalization, 8.29, 10.21, 10.22; in contributors’ list, 1.64, 2.41, fig. 1.10; omitted in source citations, 14.73
- honors and awards, 8.31, 8.83
- institutions and departments, 6.81, 8.68, 8.85, 14.215, 14.217 (see also institutions; universities)
- lectures and lecture series, 8.87, 14.217, 14.264, 14.267
- letter grades, 7.65
- student status terms, 8.29
- subjects and disciplines, 7.2, 8.30, 8.85, 8.86
- titles and offices, 8.28–31, 16.40
- See also universities
- academic year, 1.80. See also publication date
- accents. See special characters
- access dates
- author-date reference system, 15.50
- generally, 14.12
- journal articles, 1.83, 14.176
- maps, 14.237
- reference works, 14.233
- scientific databases, 14.257
- websites and web pages, 14.12, 14.207, 15.50
- accessibility
- illustrations, 3.28
- resources for, 2.82n1, 3.28, 12.2n1
- subsidiary rights for, 4.64
- tables, 3.88
- text-to-speech tools, 2.82n1, 3.28, 7.49, 12.2n1
- accession numbers for databases, 2.34, 14.215, 14.257, 14.270
- access rights
- and abstracts, 1.93
- and database searches, 1.111
- as metadata, 1.92
- open-access publishing models, 4.52, 4.60, 4.61, 4.66
- in table of contents, 1.87
- accordingly, 6.57
- accusative case. See objective (accusative) case
- ache, compound terms with, 7.89 (sec. 3)
- acknowledgments
- on copyright page, 1.20, 1.30, 1.31, figs. 1.3–4
- of data sources, 3.77
- format of term, 8.179
- of grants and subventions, 1.20, 1.31
- illustration credits in, 3.30
- in journals, 1.89, 1.95
- material appropriate for, 1.43
- omitted in indexing, 16.109
- and permissions, 4.102, 4.103
- placement in book, 1.4, 1.41, 1.42
- separate section for, 1.42, 4.103
- submission of, 2.3
- in table notes, 3.77
- in unnumbered notes, 14.55
- acquisition numbers, for musical recordings, 14.263
- acronyms
- as adjectives, 10.9
- articles with, 5.250, 7.33, 10.9
- capitalization, 10.6, 10.26
- definition and use, 10.2
- disease and medical terms, 8.144
- indexing of, 16.49, 16.64
- journal titles, 16.49
- small vs. full-size capitals for, 10.8
- space omitted in, 10.5
- See also abbreviations, general; abbreviations, specific; initialisms
- active voice, 5.19, 5.115, 5.118, 5.119, 5.135, 5.192
- acts and treaties
- source citations for, 14.275, 14.290
- treatment in text, 8.66, 8.80, 8.81
- See also legal and public documents
- AD (anno Domini), and such, 9.34, 9.64, 10.38
- additions and insertions
- marking manuscript for, 2.94, 2.95, fig. 2.6
- marking proofs for, 2.125, fig. 2.6
- stetting or reversal of, 2.130
- address, spoken. See dialogue; direct address; speech; speeches
- addresses, email
- hyperlinks to, 1.121
- line breaks in, 7.46
- omitted in source citations, 14.214
- punctuation with, 6.8, 6.104
- treatment in text, 14.17
- See also addresses, mailing; URLs
- addresses, mailing
- abbreviations in, 10.4, 10.8, 10.27–29, 10.33–34
- compass points in, 10.34
- numbers in, 9.50–52, 9.54
- publishers’, 1.19, 1.20, 1.21, 1.84, 1.95
- treatment in text, 6.39, 10.27, 10.29
- See also addresses, email; compass points and directions; geographical terminology
- adhesive binding, p. 975
- adjective clusters, 5.168
- adjectives, 5.68–96
- acronyms as, 10.9
- attributive, 5.79
- avoiding bias in uses, 5.260
- be-verbs as part of, 5.154
- clusters, 5.168
- coinage of (see derived from proper names below)
- compound, 6.80
- dates as, 5.83
- defined, 5.68
- degrees, 5.84–89; comparative, 5.85, 5.87–88, 5.201; equal and unequal comparisons, 5.88; noncomparable, 5.89; positive (absolute), 5.84; superlative, 5.86, 5.87, 7.89 (sec. 1)
- dependent clauses as, 5.219, 5.225
- derived from proper names: in non-English languages, 11.26, 11.39, 11.70; from organization names, 8.62; from personal names, 8.60, 8.61; from place-names, 5.69, 8.45; proper adjectives, defined, 5.69; religious terms, 8.96, 8.97 (see also proper adjectives)
- hyphens with, 7.89 (sec. 2)
- infinitives as, 5.107
- as interjections, 5.208
- irregular, 5.87
- as nouns (adnouns), 5.94
- nouns as, 5.24, 5.259, 7.27, 7.89 (sec. 2)
- and parenthetical elements in sentences, 6.48
- participles as, 5.90, 5.111
- position, 5.79–83; after possessive pronouns, 5.80; basic rules, 5.79; and dates, 5.83; meaning affected by, 5.76, 5.77; predicate, 5.79, 5.82; when modifying pronoun, 5.81
- postpositive, 5.79
- predicate, 5.79, 5.82
- prepositional phrases as, 5.176, 5.178
- and pronouns, 5.29, 5.49, 5.78, 5.80, 5.81
- punctuation: commas, 5.91, 6.36–37; dates in text, 5.83; hyphenation, 5.92, 5.93, 6.80
- relative, 5.56
- repeated, 6.37
- sex-specific labels as, 5.259
- special types: coordinate, 5.91, 6.36; participial, 5.90, 5.111; phrasal (compound modifiers), 5.79, 5.92, 5.93, 7.85, 7.89 (secs. 2, 3)
- as verbs, 5.95
- See also articles (definite and indefinite)
- adjuncts, 5.68. See also adjectives
- administrative bodies, 8.63. See also business and commerce; governmental entities; institutions; organization names
- adnouns, 5.94
- adverbial clauses, 5.225
- adverbial objectives, 5.26
- adverbs, 5.156–71
- adverbial conjunctions, 5.202
- adverbial phrases, 5.158, 5.161, 6.31, 6.32, 7.89 (sec. 3)
- compound, 5.161, 7.86, 7.89
- in compound modifiers, 7.85
- conjunctive (however, therefore, and such), 5.204, 6.49, 6.57
- defined, 5.156
- degrees, 5.162–66; comparative, 5.163, 5.201; irregular, 5.165; noncomparable, 5.166; positive (absolute), 5.162; superlative, 5.86, 5.87, 5.164, 7.89 (sec. 1)
- dependent clauses as, 5.225
- flat (bare), 5.160, 5.250
- formation of, 5.158
- formed from nouns, 5.158
- hyphens with, 7.89 (sec. 2)
- infinitives as, 5.107
- as interjections, 5.208
- in introductory phrases, 6.31
- -ly ending, 5.93, 5.158, 5.160, 5.163, 5.164, 7.85, 7.86, 7.89 (sec. 2)
- for negation, 5.230, 5.233
- nouns as (adverbial objectives), 5.26
- phrasal, 5.161
- phrasal verbs as, 5.102
- position, 5.167–71; and linking verbs, 5.170; meaning affected by, 5.167; modifying intransitive verbs, 5.169, 5.170; modifying participles, 5.114; modifying words other than verbs, 5.168, 7.89 (sec. 2); replacing prepositional phrases, 5.190; in verb phrases, 5.104, 5.171
- prepositional phrases as, 5.176, 5.178
- vs. prepositions, 5.184
- punctuation with, 6.31, 6.49, 6.57
- sentence, 5.157
- simple, 5.160
- in split infinitives, 5.108
- and suffixes, 5.158–59, 5.163–64
- See also infinitives; participles
- advertising. See promotion
- affixes. See prefixes; suffixes
- African languages, 11.23–24. See also Arabic language
- after, 5.202, 5.250
- afterwords, 1.4, 1.26, 1.54, 14.110
- agents, literary, 4.18
- age terms, hyphenation of, 7.89 (sec. 1)
- aggregators, 1.105, 4.63, 4.64, 4.65
- agreement
- of pronoun with antecedent, 5.42
- of verb with subject, 5.138, 5.139, 5.141, 5.143, 5.205, 5.250
- ah, 6.35
- AH (anno Hegirae or anno Hebraico), and such, 9.34, 9.64, 10.38
- aircraft, 8.2, 8.116–18. See also vehicles and vessels
- a.k.a., 10.69
- al, el (Arabic definite article), 8.14, 11.79, 11.80, 16.75
- Albanian language, 11.70
- albeit, 5.201
- albums, 8.197
- alignment
- of facing pages, 2.117
- marking manuscript for, 2.98
- marking proofs for, 2.127
- in mathematical expressions, 12.9, 12.18, 12.20, 12.21, 12.23, 12.38, 12.67
- in outlines, 6.132
- of quotation marks in poetry, 13.28
- in tables: cells, 3.70–74, figs. 3.19–21; decimal points, 3.72, 3.86, figs. 3.14–15, fig. 3.20
- See also lists in text; margins
- all, compound terms with, 7.89 (sec. 3)
- all caps
- acronyms and initialisms, 10.6, 10.25–26
- computer terminology, 7.77, 8.155
- for emphasis, 7.52
- gene symbols, 8.132
- newspaper headlines, 14.192
- postal codes, 10.33
- See also abbreviations, general; abbreviations, specific; acronyms; initialisms
- all rights reserved, 1.20, 1.22, 4.41, figs. 1.1–4
- along with, 5.142
- alphabetizing, 16.56–93
- abbreviations and abbreviations lists, 1.44, 15.37, 16.46, 16.64, 16.93, fig. 1.8
- articles disregarded in, 14.71, 14.79–80, 15.34, 16.48–49, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91
- basic rule for indexing, 16.56
- bibliographies, 2.63, 14.62, 14.65–66, 14.71, fig. 14.8
- checking, in indexes, 16.133
- vs. chronological order, 16.70
- compound terms, 16.58, 16.60, 16.72, 16.84
- computerized sorting, 14.65, 14.67, 15.17, 16.5, 16.57, 16.104, 16.123
- dates, 16.65
- dedicated indexing software for, 16.104, 16.123
- glossaries, 1.61
- index cross-references, 16.17, 16.20
- indexes of first lines, 16.144, 16.145
- index main headings, 16.56
- index subentries, 16.68–70
- index subentries, generally, 16.68–70
- letter-by-letter: basics of, 16.59; for bibliographies, 14.65; for indexes of first lines, 16.144, 16.145; preferred, 16.58; word-by-word compared, 16.57, 16.58, 16.61, 16.123
- list of contributors, 1.64, fig. 1.10
- names, non-English personal, 16.75–87; Arabic, 16.75; Asian, other, 16.87; Burmese, 16.76; Chinese, 16.77; Hungarian, 8.13, 16.78; Indian, 16.79; Indonesian, 16.80; Japanese, 16.81; Korean, 16.82; Portuguese, 16.83; Spanish, 16.83, 16.84; Thai, 16.85; Vietnamese, 16.86
- names, personal: basic rules, 16.71–75; compound, 16.72; as corporate names, 16.89; with initials, 8.13, 16.63, 16.78; with Mac, Mc, or O’, 16.73; with numbers, 16.66; with particles, 16.71, 16.84; with Saint, 16.74; sovereigns and other rulers, 16.37; titled persons, 16.38 (see also names, non-English personal above)
- non-English words, 16.67, 16.92
- numerals, 16.65, 16.66, 16.103
- vs. numerical order for index subentries, 16.69
- organization names, 16.46, 16.64, 16.88–89
- as part of indexing process, 16.122, 16.123
- person, place, and thing with same name, 16.62
- place-names, 16.90–93
- and prepositions, 16.53, 16.68
- publisher’s preferences, 16.103
- and punctuation, 16.59–61
- reference lists, 2.63, 15.11, fig. 15.1
- resources on, 16.58
- special characters, 16.67
- titles of works, 16.51–54, 16.56 (see also articles disregarded in above)
- word-by-word, 14.65, 16.57, 16.58, 16.60, 16.61, 16.123
- alphabets
- dictionary tables, 11.76, 11.91
- modernizing archaic letters, 13.7
- non-Latin, 11.2, 11.72–73, 11.90, 11.110, 11.115, 11.122, 12.12, tables 11.2–5
- See also Arabic language; Cyrillic alphabet; Greek alphabet; Hebrew language; International Phonetic Alphabet; Latin alphabet; letters (alphabet); special characters; Unicode standard; and names of other languages
- alterations
- author’s (AAs), 2.70, 2.135, 2.136, p. 975
- defined, p. 975
- designer’s (DAs), 2.135, p. 978
- editor’s (EAs), 2.135, 2.136, 14.47, p. 979
- and printer’s errors, 2.135, pp. 984, 985
- and proofreading, 2.110
- alternative questions, 5.212
- alternative text, 2.82n1, 3.28, 3.88
- although, 5.201
- ALWD Guide to Legal Citation (Association of Legal Writing Directors and Barger), 14.269. See also legal-style citations
- a.m., p.m., 9.37, 9.38, 10.41
- ambitransitive (ergative) verbs, 5.99
- American Indians, 7.10, 8.5, 8.38
- American Medical Association (AMA), 14.3, 14.76
- American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1.35
- American Psychological Association (APA), 14.3
- American Sign Language (ASL), 11.125–35
- and Deaf, deaf terms, 8.43
- fingerspelling in, 6.77, 11.130
- resources on, 11.127
- signed languages, defined, 11.125
- signs: components of, 11.126; compound, 11.129; glosses of, 11.128–35; handshapes, 11.132; lexicalized, 11.131; nonmanual, 11.135; pronouns, possessives, and reference, 11.134
- ampersands
- alphabetizing, 16.64
- in company names, 6.21, 10.24, 14.135
- initialisms with, 10.10
- in legal-style citations, 14.300
- for Old and Middle English, 11.123
- in publishers’ names, 14.135
- serial comma omitted before, 6.21
- spacing with, 10.10
- in titles of works, 8.165
- in URLs and email addresses, 7.46
- See also and; conjunctions
- analytic vs. synthetic languages, 5.221
- anaphoric pronouns, 5.28. See also pronouns: antecedents
- and
- ampersand for, 6.21
- between with, 6.78, 9.60
- both with, 5.199, 5.244, 5.250
- coordinate adjectives separated by, 5.91
- in generic cross-references of indexes, 16.23
- in lists, 6.131
- pronoun and antecedent with, 5.32, 5.33, 5.34
- in publishers’ names, 14.135
- punctuation with, 6.19, 6.22, 6.23
- sentences beginning with, 5.203, 5.250
- and serial commas, 6.19
- slash instead of, 6.106
- in spelled out numbers, 9.5
- as subordinating conjunction, 5.201
- in titles of works, 8.165
- for two or more authors or editors in source citations, 14.76
- and verb number, 5.205
- See also ampersands; conjunctions
- and if, 6.26
- and/or, 5.250
- and other stories, 14.92
- and so forth or and the like, 6.20, 11.32
- and then, 6.23, 6.57
- angle brackets
- for callouts, 2.30
- in generic markup, 2.16, 2.30, 2.81, 6.104
- for less than and more than, 3.83, 12.15
- in mathematical expressions, 6.104, 12.26, 12.31, 12.55, 12.59
- for special characters, 2.16
- with URLs, 6.8, 14.17
- in XML, 6.104
- See also brackets
- animals
- illustrations, fig. 3.7
- resources on, 8.119, 8.128
- scientific names, 8.119, 8.120–24, 8.126–27
- vernacular names, 8.128–29
- animations, 1.107, 2.4. See also multimedia content
- Annals of the Congress of the United States, 14.287
- annotated bibliographies, 14.64, fig. 14.10
- annotations
- as copyrightable, 4.5
- keyed to line or page numbers, 14.53, figs. 14.5–6
- in PDF files, 1.118, 2.71, 2.119, 2.133
- See also notes; source citations
- announcements in journals, 1.86, 1.87, 1.89, 1.99
- anonymity of research subjects, 13.49
- anonymous works
- copyright of, 4.25
- source citations for, 14.79, 14.212, 15.34
- use of Anonymous and Anon., 10.42, 14.79, 15.34
- ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 1.35
- ante, as prefix, 7.89 (sec. 4)
- antecedents. See under pronouns
- anthologies
- author-and-title indexes for, 16.6
- as collective works, 4.8
- and copyright issues, 4.55, 4.64
- editorial additions bracketed in, 6.99
- material copyrightable in, 4.5
- permissions and fees for, 4.105
- unnumbered source notes in, 14.54
- See also compilations of previously published material; derivative works
- anti, as prefix, 7.89 (sec. 4)
- any, 5.7
- any, as prefix, 5.238, 5.250
- APA (American Psychological Association), 14.3
- aphorisms. See figures of speech; maxims
- Apocrypha, 8.106, 10.46. See also Bible
- apodosis, 5.228
- apostrophes, 6.116–18
- directional or “smart,” 2.80, 2.85, 6.115, 6.117
- and electronic file cleanup, 2.80
- marking on manuscript, 2.94
- marking on proofs, 2.132
- in non-English languages: African languages, 11.24; Chinese, 11.84; Czech, 11.70; French, 11.35; German, 11.40; Greek, 11.116; Hebrew, 11.93; Italian, 11.48, 11.52–53; Japanese, 11.87
- other punctuation with, 6.118
- in plurals, 6.116, 7.13, 7.15
- in possessives: attributive nouns, 7.27; basic use, 5.50, 6.116; compounds, 7.24; for . . . sake expressions, 7.21; general rule, 7.16; genitive case, 7.25; gerunds, 7.28; italicized or quoted terms, 7.29; joint (group) possessives, 5.22; nouns plural in form, singular in meaning, 7.20; with of, 7.26; proper names, 7.17, 7.19, 7.28; two nouns as unit, 7.23; words ending in unpronounced s, 7.18
- vs. prime symbol, 9.16
- vs. single closing quotation mark, 2.80, 6.9
- uses, other: abbreviated decades (e.g., ’70s), 9.33; abbreviated years, 9.30; contractions, 5.50, 6.116, 7.30; vs. hamza, 11.77; inappropriate, 5.49, 5.50, 5.250, 6.117, 7.9, 7.65; legal-style citations, 14.274; nouns, genitive, 5.9, 5.20, 5.21
- appendixes
- chronologies as, 1.60
- discographies in, 1.63
- as electronic supplementary data, 1.59, 1.78
- figures or illustrations in, numbering of, 3.11
- format of term, 8.179
- glossaries as, 1.61
- indexing of, 16.109
- multiple, 1.48
- notes to, 1.62
- numbering of, 1.59, 8.180
- parenthetical references to, 14.56
- placement in book, 1.4, 1.59
- running heads for, 1.14
- submission of, 2.3
- as work made for hire, 4.10
- appositives
- clauses as, 5.227
- commas with, 5.23, 6.28, 6.41
- defined, 5.23
- place-names, 8.54
- and pronouns, 5.12, 5.36, 5.51
- vs. serial commas, 6.19
- subordinating conjunctions in, 5.201
- titles and offices of people as, 8.21, 8.30, 8.36
- apps
- defined, p. 975
- functional features in, 1.119
- generally, 1.118
- indexes in, 1.125
- for magazine articles, 14.189
- markup for, 2.83
- multimedia content, 14.268
- names of, 8.154, 8.155
- navigation in, 1.120, 1.123
- PDF format for, 1.118
- proofing and testing of, 2.137, 2.138, 2.139, 2.140
- required to read electronic publications (see file formats and devices)
- site map for, 2.137
- specified in source citations, 14.137, 14.159, 14.160, 14.189, 14.268
- terminology specific to, 7.76
- video games as, 8.190
- See also electronic publications; multiple formats, publications in
- Arabic language, 11.76–81
- articles, 8.14, 11.79, 11.80, 16.75
- capitalization, 8.14, 11.80
- names, 8.14, 16.75
- resources on, 11.76
- special characters, 11.76, 11.77, 11.81, 11.92, table 11.2
- spelling, 11.78
- word division, 11.81
- arabic numerals
- building and apartment numbers, 9.52
- Chicago’s preference for, 9.67
- defined, p. 975
- divisions in publications and documents, 9.26, 9.27, 9.28
- enzyme names, 8.133
- illustrations, 3.12
- and line breaks, 7.43
- parts of book, 8.180
- ranges (inclusive), 9.61, 9.62
- roads and thoroughfares, 9.50, 9.51
- vs. roman numerals, 14.147, table 9.1
- sequels, 8.189
- in source citations: classical Greek and Latin works, 14.243, 14.244, 14.249; journal volume numbers, 14.171; parts of books, 8.180, 14.147; parts of poems and plays, 8.184, 14.254; vs. roman numerals, 14.147; scriptural references, 14.241; volume numbers of multivolume works, 14.116
- spacecraft, 9.44
- table columns, 3.56
- text page numbers, 1.4, 1.9, 1.46, 1.47, 2.38
- unions and lodges, 9.49
- See also inclusive (continuing) numbers; numbers; roman numerals
- archaeology, 7.2, 9.34
- archival practices, 1.114, 2.78, 2.87. See also backup copies
- archives, 4.83, 14.292, 14.296. See also legal and public documents; letters (correspondence); manuscript collections; unpublished and informally published materials
- articles (definite and indefinite), 5.70–78
- and abbreviations, 5.250, 7.33, 10.9
- appropriate use of, 5.74, 5.250, 7.32, 7.33
- in Arabic, 8.14, 11.79, 11.80, 16.75
- astronomical names with, 8.138, 8.140
- a vs. an, 5.74, 5.250, 7.32, 7.33
- in blog titles, 8.192
- collective nouns with, 5.7
- common nouns with, 5.5
- coordinate nouns with, 5.75
- defined, 5.70
- definite, generally, 5.71, 5.73, 5.75
- disregarded in alphabetizing, 14.71, 14.79–80, 15.34, 16.48–49, 16.51–52, 16.56, 16.68, 16.88, 16.91
- with epithets, 8.35
- and gender, 5.11, 5.255
- in headline-style capitalization, 8.159
- with honorifics, 10.18
- indefinite, generally, 5.72–74
- in indexes of first lines, 16.144
- in index subentries, 16.51, 16.52, 16.68, 16.129
- meaning affected by, 5.75, 5.76, 5.77
- omission of, 5.77, 8.169, 8.170, 14.33, 14.170, 14.193
- organization names with, 8.68, 8.70, 14.134, 16.88, 16.89
- in personal names, 8.11, 16.75
- place-names with, 8.59, 16.91, 16.92
- as pronoun substitute, 5.78
- proper names with, generally, 5.6
- with titles of people used in apposition, 8.21, 8.30
- in titles of works, 8.169–70, 8.192, 14.98, 14.170, 14.193–94, 16.48–49, 16.51–52, 16.56
- zero (implicit), 5.77
- See also a and an; the
- articles, periodical. See journal articles; magazines; newspapers
- art styles and movements, 8.79. See also cultural movements and styles
- artwork
- author’s inventory of, 3.17
- commissioned, 3.33
- continuous-tone, 3.3, p. 978
- copyright issues, 4.15, 4.98
- covers and jackets, 1.30, 1.73, 4.77, 4.90, 4.100, 4.101
- creators’ names, indexing of, 16.50
- credit lines for, 1.30, 1.73, 3.33, 8.199
- cropping, scaling, and shading, 3.19
- defined, p. 975
- identification for publisher, 3.16
- inventory of, 3.17–18
- original dimensions noted for, 3.27
- redrawn by publisher, 3.20
- scans, 2.27, 3.15
- source citations for, 14.235–37
- submission to publisher, 2.2, 2.4, 2.27, 3.3, 3.4, 3.15–20
- titles of, 8.198–201; in captions, 3.22; cartoons, 8.200; exhibition catalogs, 8.201, 14.236; generic, 3.22; indexing, 16.50; maps, 8.199, 14.237; paintings, statues, and such, 8.57, 8.198; in source citations, 14.86, 14.235
- use of term, 3.1
- See also captions; illustrations
- as, 5.196, 5.201, 5.202
- as, as if, 5.185, 5.250
- as, like, 5.185, 5.250
- as . . . as, 5.46, 5.88, 5.199
- ascenders, p. 975
- ASCII (plain-text) files, p. 985
- as far as, 5.201, 5.250
- as follows, 6.64, 13.16. See also introductory words and phrases
- Asian names
- Burmese, 16.76
- Chinese, 8.15, 11.83, 11.85, 11.88, 16.77
- Indian, 16.79
- Indonesian, 8.18, 16.80
- Japanese, 8.16, 11.88, 16.81
- Korean, 8.17, 16.82
- other, 8.18, 16.87
- Thai, 16.85
- Vietnamese, 16.86
- See also South Asian languages
- as if, 5.201, 5.250
- ASL. See American Sign Language
- as much as, 5.201
- as so, so as, 5.199, 5.244
- associations, 8.70, 10.26. See also organization names
- as soon as, 5.201
- asterisks
- for footnotes, 14.25, 14.27, 14.49, 14.51, fig. 14.4
- in legal-style citations, 14.276
- in tables, 3.79, 3.80, fig. 3.22
- for text breaks, 1.58, 2.8
- as though, 5.201
- astronomical and astrophysical terminology, 8.137–42
- abbreviations in, 9.10, 10.60–62
- celestial bodies, 8.138–42, 10.61
- descriptive terms, 8.142
- Myr and Gyr, 9.10
- resources on, 8.137, 10.60, 10.62
- sun and moon, 8.141
- See also metric system; scientific and technical terminology
- as well as, 5.142, 5.201, 6.19
- at, in legal-style citations, 14.273, 14.276, 14.285
- atlases, 4.10
- at sign (@), 16.64
- attribute pronouns, 5.45
- attribution
- and fair-use doctrine, 4.75, 4.84, 4.92
- importance of, 4.15, 4.75, 4.92
- unnecessary, 13.5
- See also illustration credits and credit lines; permissions; source citations; text citations
- attributive adjectives, 5.79
- attributive nouns, 5.24, 7.27
- audiobooks, 1.75, 14.264. See also multimedia content; sound recordings
- audio rights, 4.64
- audiovisual materials. See movies and film; multimedia content; musical works; sound recordings; television and television programs
- Australia, 1.34
- author-and-title indexes, 16.6
- author-date reference system
- authors’ names: anonymous works, 15.34; authors with same last name, 15.22; basic form, 15.6, 15.12; editor in place of author, 15.9, 15.19, 15.36; examples and variations, 15.9; initials vs. full names, 15.12, 15.33, 15.53; more than three authors, 15.9, 15.29; multimedia content, 15.57; organizations as authors, 15.37; proper form of name to use, 15.12, 15.33; pseudonyms, 15.35; same author, same year, 15.20, 15.29; single vs. several, order for, 15.16; 3-em dashes for, 15.17–20
- basic format: example, fig. 15.1; examples and variations, 15.9; page numbers and other locators, 15.8; reference list entry structure, 15.5, 15.6, 15.22; text citation structure, 15.5, 15.7, 15.22
- blogs and blog posts, 15.51
- cross-checking, 2.32, 15.21
- cross-references, 15.42
- disciplines using, 14.2
- and indexing, 16.114, 16.115
- interviews and personal communications, 15.53
- in journals, 1.108
- legal and public documents, 14.271, 15.58–59
- multiauthor books, 15.10
- multimedia content, 15.57
- and notes and bibliography system, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
- notes used with, 14.39, 14.50, 14.271, 15.11, 15.31, fig. 15.2
- patents, 15.55
- periodicals, 15.9, 15.46–49; initials for authors’ given names, 15.33; issue number in parentheses, 15.47; newspapers and magazines, 15.49; titles of, 15.13, 15.38, 15.46
- publication date: basic structure and punctuation, 15.5, 15.6, 15.9, 15.25; blog posts, 15.51; editions with multiple, 15.40; forthcoming, 15.18, 15.45; letters in published collections, 15.43; manuscript collections, 15.54; multimedia content, 15.57; multivolume works published over several years, 15.41; newspapers and magazines, 15.49; “no date,” 15.44, 15.50; vs. notes and bibliography system, 15.2, 15.3; placement of, 15.14; references arranged by, 15.18, 15.19; reprint and modern editions, more than one date, 15.40; social media content, 15.52
- secondary sources, quotations from, 15.56
- social media content, 15.52
- syntactic considerations with, 15.28
- websites and web pages, 15.4, 15.50
- See also reference lists; source citations; text citations; titles of works in source citations; and specific materials to document
- author queries
- and ambiguity in tracking changes, 2.84
- bias-free language issues, 5.254
- comment style for, 2.69
- on cross-references, 2.60
- example of, fig. 2.4
- and fact-checking, 2.56
- generally, 2.2
- inserting in electronic files, 2.87
- marking, 2.92
- placement in margins of, 2.10, 2.43, 2.91, 2.92–93
- on quotations and previously published material, 2.61
- on running heads, 2.76
- on silent changes, 2.85
- on source citations, 2.62, 2.63, 2.64, 2.69
- sticky notes for, 2.92
- on subheads in table of contents, 2.57
- on table totals, 3.81
- authors
- academic degrees and affiliations, 1.19, 1.50, 1.64, 1.66, 1.92, 1.95, 1.100
- accuracy of, 2.7, 2.56, 13.6
- alterations on proofs (AAs), 2.70, 2.135, 2.136, p. 975
- approval before editing, 2.50
- backup copies of manuscript as responsibility of, 2.4, 2.40, 2.71
- biographical notes (see biographical notes)
- books published by (see self-published materials)
- collected works of single, 8.178
- communications with manuscript editors, 2.68–72; checking author’s changes, 2.72; cover letter and instructions, 2.70, 2.88, 2.92; early contact, 2.68; editing sample, 2.52, 2.68; permissions double-checked, 4.79; sample of editing, 2.52, 2.68; sending edited manuscript, 2.71, 2.88 (see also author queries)
- field notes of, 13.49
- financial assistance for, 1.31
- indexing, role in: list of terms for indexer, 16.30, 16.108; manuscript preparation, 16.24; vs. professional indexers, 16.3, 16.4; responsibility for, 2.2, 2.70; and software, 16.104
- interaction with readers, 1.118
- interviews by, 13.48 (see also interviews and discussions)
- list of previous publications on copyright page, 1.18
- multiple (see multiauthor volumes)
- own work used by, 3.31, 4.66, 4.78
- papers in collection of, 14.231
- permissions as responsibility of (see permissions)
- proofreading as responsibility of, 2.101
- publication process and schedule for, 2.2, figs. 2.1–2
- review of copyedited manuscript, 2.2, 2.70–72, 2.82, 2.88, 2.101
- royalties, 4.37, 4.52, 4.58, 4.64, 4.69, 4.104
- translations by, 11.14
- warranties by, 4.52, 4.72, 4.73
- websites of, 1.113, 1.121, 4.66, 4.67
- See also author queries; authors’ names; contributors to multiauthor volumes and journals; copyright; manuscript preparation guidelines for authors; proofreading; publishing agreements
- author’s alterations (AAs), 2.70, 2.135, 2.136, p. 975
- authorship, in copyright. See copyright
- authors’ names
- in books: chapter display, 1.50, 2.32; copyright notice, 1.22, 4.42; covers and jackets, 1.69, 1.70; epigraphs, 1.37; forewords and introductions, 1.40, 14.105; multiauthor volumes, 1.38, 1.50, 1.64, 2.32, fig. 1.10; running heads, 1.83; table of contents, 1.38; title page, 1.19, 14.73, 14.82, 14.101, 15.12
- as copyright management information, 4.15
- in electronic file names, 2.37
- given names, 10.11, 14.83, 15.33
- hyperlinks from, 1.121
- indexing: in separate index, 16.6, 16.115, 16.145; with titles of works, 16.50, 16.97
- in journals and journal articles: first page of article, 1.95, 1.100; as metadata, 1.92, 1.100; retractions, 1.91; running heads, 1.83; source citations, 14.168, 14.185, 15.33; table of contents, 1.87, fig. 1.11
- as metadata, 1.75
- in production checklist, 2.77
- proofreading of, 2.108, 2.134
- screen names, 14.208, 14.209, 15.52
- in source citations (see authors’ names in source citations)
- in species names, 8.124
- See also anonymous works; contributors to multiauthor volumes and journals; pseudonyms and pseudonymous works
- authors’ names in source citations
- author-date reference system: alphabetization, 15.11, 15.16, 15.18, 15.20; anonymous works, 15.34; authors with same last name, 15.22; basic form, 15.6, 15.7, 15.12; editor in place of author, 15.9, 15.19, 15.36; examples and variations, 15.9; and indexing, 16.114, 16.115; initials vs. full names, 15.12, 15.33, 15.53; more than three authors, 15.9, 15.29; organizations as authors, 15.37; proper form of name to use, 15.12, 15.33; pseudonyms, 15.35; same author, same year, 15.20, 15.29; single vs. several authors, order for, 15.16; 3-em dashes for, 15.17–20
- legal-style citations, 14.272, 14.285, 14.305
- notes and bibliography system, 14.72–84; alphabetization, 14.62, 14.65–66, 14.71, fig. 14.8; alternative forms of, 14.82; anonymous works, 14.79; authors known by given name, 14.83; basic note and bibliography entry structure, 14.20–21; chronological order for single author with multiple titles, 14.71; classical Greek and Latin works, 14.244, 14.245; different coauthors with, 14.66; editor in place of author, 14.103; editor vs. author, 14.104; examples and variations, 14.23; footnotes vs. endnotes, 14.48, 14.57; forewords, prefaces, and such, 14.110; form of, generally, 14.19, 14.23, 14.73, 14.101; initials vs. full names, 14.73–74; mononyms, 14.83; in multivolume works, 14.117, 14.122; organizations as authors, 14.70, 14.84; pseudonyms, 14.80–81; punctuation of, 6.20; repeated names, 1.124, 6.94, 14.65, 14.67–71, 14.79; short forms, 14.30–32, 14.108, 14.185; single author, 14.75; 3-em dashes in, 1.124, 2.14, 6.94, 14.65, 14.67–71, 14.79; in title of work, 14.78; two or more authors or editors, 14.23, 14.32, 14.76; two or more authors or editors with same family name, 14.77
- automobiles, 8.117. See also vehicles and vessels
- auxiliary (helping) verbs, 5.144–53
- can, could, 5.146, 5.250
- in contractions, 5.105
- defined, 5.103, 5.144
- do, 5.152, 5.215, 5.231
- have, 5.132, 5.133, 5.153
- with infinitives, 5.106
- may, might, 5.147, 5.250
- modal, generally, 5.145
- must, 5.148
- ought, should, 5.149, 5.150, 5.250
- and parallel structure, 5.245
- in verb phrases, 5.104
- will, would, 5.131, 5.134, 5.151, 5.231
- averages, in tables, 3.74
- awards and prizes, 1.99, 8.31, 8.83, 8.115, 8.172
- axes, x and y, 3.43, 3.52, fig. 3.8
- Azeri language, 11.70