Index

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

References are to paragraph numbers except where specified as table or figure (fig.).

a and an
and abbreviations, 5.78, 5.254, 7.33, 10.10
choice between, 5.78, 5.254, 7.32–33
and coordinate nouns, 5.79
defined, 5.74, 5.76–77
meaning affected by, 5.80–81
omitted from titles in running text, 8.171
in titles, disregarded in alphabetization, 13.70, 13.81–82, 15.59–60, 15.64, 15.76
See also articles (definite and indefinite)
AAs (author’s alterations), 2.76, 2.140, 2.141
abbreviations, general
alphabetizing, 1.49, 13.127, 15.54, 15.72, 15.101
articles with, 5.78, 5.254, 7.33, 10.10
capitalization of, 10.6–7, 10.30–31, 10.55, 10.58, 10.69
in chart labels, 3.46
in compound terms, 6.86
contractions as, 7.30
derived from proper nouns, 10.6, 10.55, 10.58
indexing, 15.54, 15.57, 15.72
italic vs. roman type for, 2.27, 10.8
and line breaks, 7.44
in notes, 10.3, 10.29, 10.31–32, 10.36, 10.48, 10.50
numbers with, 7.96 (sec. 1), 9.8, 9.18–19
plurals of, 7.15, 8.122, 10.55, 10.58–59, 10.73, 10.75, 14.49
possessives of, 6.46–47, 7.17
punctuation with: ampersands, 6.21, 10.12; commas (see commas: with abbreviations); hyphens, 6.86; periods (see periods [punctuation]: with abbreviations); slashes, 6.116, 10.4; and surrounding text, 6.132
in quoted speech or dialogue, 12.51
sentences beginning with, 10.11
sentences ending with, 6.14
small or full capitals vs. lowercase for, 10.9, 10.46
small vs. full-size capitals for, 10.9, 10.43
spacing, 9.18, 10.5, 10.12, 10.14, 10.55, 10.63–64, 10.74
spelled out: capitalization of, 2.27, 10.7, 10.23, 10.58; marking manuscripts for, 2.98; marking proofs for, 2.134; parentheses with, 7.17, 10.3
vs. spelled-out forms, 10.3, 10.31, 12.51
in tables, 3.57, 3.63, 3.68, 3.82, figs. 3.13–14
in title case, 8.160
types of, 10.2
when to use, 10.3
See also abbreviations, specific; acronyms; contractions; initialisms; lists of abbreviations
abbreviations, specific
Bible, 10.50–54, 14.138–39
brand names and trademarks, 10.7, 10.55, 12.51
commercial, 10.77
company names, 10.28–31, 14.32, 14.33, 14.35
computer terminology, 7.82, 7.85, 9.12, 10.55
currency, 9.24, 9.26
eras, 9.36, 9.66, 10.43
fig. (figure), 3.9, 3.23, 10.48, 14.49, 14.57
geographic terms (see under geographic terminology)
and groups of people and identities, 10.25–27
Latin, 7.57, 10.8, 10.48 (see also et al.; ibid.)
in mailing addresses, 10.32–33, 10.38–39
mathematical, 7.73, 10.56
musical works, 8.197–98
organization names, 10.29, 10.28–31, 13.127, 14.175, 15.54, 15.72
periodical titles, 10.8, 14.69, 15.57
personal names (see under personal names)
place-names, 10.32–33, 10.35, 10.36–37, 11.28, 14.191, 15.101
resources on, 10.1, 10.38
scholarly, 10.48
scientific and technical (see under scientific and technical terminology)
social, 10.6, 10.78
in source citations: for classical Greek and Latin works, 14.144–48, 14.150; ed., eds., 10.48, 13.19, 13.103, 14.15; with editors, translators, and such, 13.19, 13.22, 13.24, 13.70, 13.73, 13.103, 13.106, 14.5–6; fol. (folio), 14.54; for frequently cited works, 12.78, 13.63–64, fig. 13.7; legal-style citations (see under legal and public documents, source citations for); of non-English bibliographic terms, 14.4; of organization names, 13.127, 14.175; pers. comm. (personal communication), 14.111; pseud. (pseudonym), 13.82, 13.126; of publishers’ names, 14.32–33, 14.35; of recto and verso, 14.53–54; of regnal years, 14.202; of states, provinces, and countries, 14.30; of titles of works, 13.63–64, fig. 13.7, 14.69
time designations (see under time designations)
titles and offices of people (see under titles and offices of people)
titles of works, 10.8, 13.63–64, fig. 13.7, 14.69
units of measurement (see under units of measurement)
in vessel names, 8.117
See also postal codes; and specific abbreviations
ability or health status. See disabilities and abilities
ablaut, 5.104
ableism, 5.262. See also disabilities and abilities; inclusivity
about the author. See biographical notes
abridgements, 2.67, 4.14, 4.79, 4.112
absolute (independent) possessive pronouns, 5.53
absolute (positive) adjectives, 5.88
absolute (positive) adverbs, 5.167
absolute constructions, 5.38, 5.115
abstract nouns, 5.7, 5.9
abstractions, 8.38, 8.95
abstracts
of books, 1.85, 2.29
and copyright issues, 4.112
descriptions in lieu of, 1.85, 2.3, 2.29
of dissertations and theses, 14.113
of journal articles, 1.96, 1.102–4, 2.29, 14.85
manuscript preparation guidelines on, 2.4, 2.29
and metadata, 2.29
proofreading, 2.105
source citations for, 14.85, 14.113
Abu, Abd, Ibn, 15.83
academic concerns
campus locations, 6.87
courses of study, 8.87
degrees and affiliations: abbreviations for, 7.15, 10.4, 10.14, 10.18, 10.23–24; of authors, 1.21, 1.56, 1.71, 1.75, 1.101, 1.104, 1.109; capitalization of, 8.30, 10.23–24; in contributors’ lists, 1.71, 2.46; in source citations, 13.74
honors and awards, 8.32, 8.84
institutions, 8.69
lectures and lecture series, 8.88, 14.115, 14.164, 14.167
letter grades, 7.68
student status terms, 8.30
subjects and disciplines, 7.2, 7.61, 8.31, 8.86–87
titles and offices, 8.29–32, 10.14, 15.48
See also dissertations and theses; universities
academic publishing
peer review, 2.6, 2.54, 4.66
See also scholarly works; scientific, technical, and medical (STM) works
academic year, 1.89, 6.114. See also publication dates
accents. See special characters
access dates
for journal articles, 1.92, 14.73
in source citations, 13.15, 14.73, 14.104, 14.131, 14.135, 14.157
access rights, 1.96, 1.101–2, 1.120. See also open-access publishing models
accessibility
in bibliographies, 6.100, 13.72
braille displays, 3.28
of context breaks in ebooks, 1.64
extended image descriptions, 1.51, 3.28, 3.42, 3.89
language tags, 11.7
and markup languages, 1.115, 3.28, 3.89
proofreading for, 2.142, 2.143
resources on, 1.64, 2.143, 3.28, 3.89
subsidiary rights for, 4.112
of tables, 3.89
text-to-speech tools, 3.28, 3.89, 7.50, 11.7
See also alt text
accession numbers
for databases, 14.113, 14.157, 14.171
for museums, 14.133
accordingly, 6.61
accusative case. See objective (accusative) case
Ace (EPUB evaluation tool), 2.143
ache, compound terms with, 7.96 (sec. 3)
acknowledgments
on copyright pages, 1.22, 1.33–34, figs. 1.3–4
of data sources, 3.78
format of term, 8.181
of grants and subventions, 1.22, 1.34
illustration credits in, 3.31
indexing, 15.32
in journals, 1.98, 1.104
and permissions, 4.106–7
placement in books, 1.4, 1.46–47, 1.65
separate sections for, 1.47, 4.107
submission of, 2.4
in table notes, 3.78
in unnumbered notes, 13.59
acquisition numbers, for musical recordings, 14.163
acronyms
as adjectives, 10.10
articles with, 5.254, 7.33, 10.10
capitalization of, 10.6, 10.9, 10.30–31
defined, 10.2
disease and medical terms, 8.145
indexing, 15.57, 15.72
journal titles, 15.57
spaces omitted from, 10.5
See also abbreviations, general; abbreviations, specific; initialisms
active voice, 5.21, 5.119, 5.122–23, 5.139, 5.198
acts and treaties, 8.68, 8.81–82, 14.176, 14.191. See also legal and public documents
AD (anno Domini) and such, 9.36, 9.66, 10.43
additions and insertions, 2.99–100, 2.130, 2.135, fig. 2.6
addresses, email, 6.8, 6.111, 14.111. See also addresses, mailing; URLs
addresses, mailing
abbreviations in, 10.32–33, 10.38–39
compass points in, 10.39
numbers in, 9.52–54, 9.56
publishers’, 1.21–23, 1.93, 1.104
punctuation in, 6.14
in text, 6.42
See also addresses, email; compass points and directions; geographic terminology; postal codes
adjectival clauses, 5.226, 5.232
adjectival phrases, 5.80, 5.83, 5.96–97, 5.182, 5.184, 6.85, 7.91–92, 7.96 (secs. 2, 3)
adjective clusters, 5.173
adjectives, 5.72–100
acronyms as, 10.10
adverbs modifying, 5.161, 5.173
attributive, 5.83
be-verbs as parts of, 5.159
clusters, 5.173
coinage of (see proper adjectives)
compound, 6.86
coordinate, 5.95, 6.39
dates as, 5.87
defined, 5.72
degrees of, 5.88–93; comparative, 5.88–89, 5.91–92, 5.207; and equal and unequal comparisons, 5.92; noncomparable adjectives, 5.93; positive (absolute), 5.88; superlative, 5.88, 5.90–91, 7.96 (sec. 1)
dependent clauses as, 5.226, 5.232
derived from proper nouns (see proper adjectives)
ending in ‑ly, 5.163, 7.93
gender-specific labels as, 5.264
as index entries, 15.9
infinitives as, 5.111
as interjections, 5.215
irregular, 5.91
like, 5.191
mathematical symbols as, 6.130
as nouns (adnouns), 5.98
nouns as, 5.27, 5.264, 7.27, 7.96 (sec. 2)
and parenthetical elements in sentences, 6.51
participial, 5.94, 5.115
and person-first language, 5.260
phrasal (compound modifiers), 5.80, 5.83, 5.96–97, 6.85, 7.91–92, 7.96 (secs. 2, 3)
position of, 5.83–87; basic rules for, 5.83; and dates, 5.87; meaning affected by, 5.80, 5.81; after possessive pronouns, 5.84; predicate, 5.83, 5.86, 5.175; when modifying pronouns, 5.85
postpositive, 5.83
prepositional phrases as, 5.182, 5.184
and pronouns, 5.32, 5.53, 5.82, 5.84–85
punctuation with: commas, 5.95, 6.39–40; dates in text, 5.87; hyphenation, 5.80, 5.96–97, 6.86, 7.96 (sec. 2)
relative, 5.60
repeated, 6.40
as verbs, 5.99
as words of greeting, 6.57
See also articles (definite and indefinite)
adjuncts, 5.72, 5.161. See also adjectives; adverbs
administrative bodies, 8.64. See also business and commerce; governmental entities; institutions; organization names
adnouns, 5.98
adverbial clauses, 5.232
adverbial objectives, 5.29
adverbs, 5.161–76
adverbial conjunctions, 5.208
adverbial phrases, 5.163, 5.166, 5.182, 5.184, 6.34–35, 7.96 (sec. 3)
compound, 5.166, 7.93, 7.96
in compound modifiers, 7.91
conjunctive (however, therefore, and such), 5.210, 6.52, 6.61
defined, 5.161
degrees of, 5.167–71; comparative, 5.168, 5.207; irregular, 5.170; noncomparable, 5.171; positive (absolute), 5.167; superlative, 5.90–91, 5.169, 7.96 (sec. 1)
dependent clauses as, 5.232
flat (bare), 5.165, 5.254
formation of, 5.163
hyphens with, 7.96 (sec. 2)
infinitives as, 5.111
as interjections, 5.215
in introductory phrases, 6.34
‑ly ending, 5.97, 5.163, 5.165, 5.168–69, 7.91, 7.93, 7.96 (sec. 2)
modifying adverbs, 5.161
for negation, 5.237, 5.240
nouns as (adverbial objectives), 5.29
phrasal, 5.166
phrasal verbs as, 5.106
position of, 5.172–77; and linking verbs, 5.175; meaning affected by, 5.172; modifying intransitive verbs, 5.174–75; modifying participles, 5.118; modifying words other than verbs, 5.173, 7.96 (sec. 2); replacing prepositional phrases, 5.196; in verb phrases, 5.108, 5.176
prepositional phrases as, 5.182, 5.184
vs. prepositions, 5.190
punctuation with, 6.34, 6.52, 6.61
sentence, 5.162
simple, 5.165
in split infinitives, 5.112
and suffixes, 5.163–64, 5.168–69
See also infinitives; participles
advertising. See promotion
affixes. See prefixes; suffixes
African languages, 11.25–26. See also Arabic language
after, 5.208, 5.254
afterwords, 1.4, 1.28, 1.60, 14.12
age terms, hyphenation of, 7.96 (sec. 1)
agents, literary, 1.23, 4.18
aggregators, 1.114, 4.75, 4.112–13
agreement
of pronoun with antecedent, 5.45
of verb with subject, 5.142–44, 5.146, 5.148, 5.211, 5.254
ah, 6.38
AH (anno Hegirae or anno Hebraico) and such, 9.36, 10.43
ahead-of-print journal articles, 1.87, 1.90, 1.95, 1.113, 1.121–22, 14.75
AI (artificial intelligence), 3.38, 14.112
aircraft, 8.117–18. See also vehicles and vessels
a.k.a., 10.77
al, el (Arabic definite article), 11.86–87, 15.83
Albanian language, 11.77
albeit, 5.207
albums, 8.199
aliases. See screen and stage names
alignment
of facing pages, 2.122
marking manuscripts for, 2.103
marking proofs for, 2.132
in mathematical copy and expressions, 7.45
in outlines, 6.143
of quotation marks in poetry, 12.28
in tables: of cells, 3.71–74, figs. 3.20–22; on decimal points, 3.73, 3.87, figs. 3.15–16, fig. 3.21
See also lists in text; margins
all, compound terms with, 7.96 (sec. 3)
along with, 5.147
alphabetization, 15.64–101
of abbreviations and abbreviations lists, 1.49, 13.127, 15.54, 15.72, 15.101
articles disregarded in, 13.70, 13.81–82, 13.125, 15.56–57, 15.59–60, 15.64, 15.76, 15.96, 15.99
basic rule for, in indexes, 15.64
of bibliographies, 2.69, 13.66, 13.69–71, 13.112, 13.114, fig. 13.8
checking, in indexes, 15.132
vs. chronological order, 15.78
of compound terms, 15.66, 15.68, 15.80, 15.92
and computerized sorting, 13.69, 15.5, 15.65, 15.113, 15.122
of dates, 15.73
dedicated indexing software for, 15.113, 15.122
of glossaries, 1.68
of index cross-references, 15.17, 15.20
of index main headings, 15.64
of index subentries, 15.76–78
of indexes of first lines, 15.143
letter-by-letter, 13.69, 15.66–67, 15.69
of lists of contributors, 1.71
of names, personal (see of personal names and of personal names, non-English below)
of non-English words, 15.75, 15.100
of numbers, 15.73–74, 15.112
of organization names, 15.54, 15.72, 15.96–97
as part of indexing process, 15.116, 15.122
of personal names: basic rules for, 15.79–82; as company names, 15.97; compound, 15.80; with initials, 8.14, 15.71, 15.86; with Mac, Mc, or O’, 15.81; with numbers, 15.74; with particles, 15.79, 15.92; with Saint, 15.82; sovereigns and other rulers, 15.45; titled persons, 15.46. See also of personal names, non–English below
of personal names, non-English, 15.83–95; Arabic, 15.83; Asian, other, 15.95; Burmese, 15.84; Chinese, 15.85; Hungarian, 8.14, 15.86; Indian, 15.87; Indonesian, 15.88; Japanese, 15.89; Korean, 15.90; Portuguese, 15.91; Spanish, 15.91–92; Thai, 15.93; Vietnamese, 15.94
of persons, places, or things with same name, 15.70
of place-names, 15.98–101
and prepositions, 15.61, 15.76
publishers’ preferences for, 15.112
and punctuation, 15.67–69
of reference lists, 2.69, 13.112, fig. 13.12
resources on, 15.66
and special characters, 15.75
of titles of works, 15.59–61, 15.64 (see also articles disregarded in above)
See also word-by-word alphabetization
alphabets
Cyrillic, 11.77, 11.107–9, 11.113–17, table 11.3 (see also Russian language)
dictionary tables for, 11.83, 11.100
fingerspelling, 11.140
Greek, 7.73, 8.152, 11.48, 11.120–25, 11.127, table 11.4, table 11.5
modernizing archaic letters, 12.7
non-Latin, 7.55, 11.2, 11.79–80, 11.99, 11.120–21, 11.125, 11.126–27, 11.132, tables 11.2–5
See also Arabic language; Hebrew language; International Phonetic Alphabet; Latin alphabet; letters (alphabet); special characters; Unicode standard; and names of other languages
also as, 15.98
alt text (alternative text)
authors’ responsibility for, 2.31, 3.15, 3.18, 3.28
for charts and graphs, 3.42
for covers of journals and paperback books, 1.51
editing, 2.71
for emojis, 10.78
and hyperlinks, 7.59
length of, 3.28
manuscript preparation guidelines on, 2.31, 2.52, 3.18, 3.28, fig. 3.10
for mathematical copy and expressions, 3.29
and permissions process, 4.104
proofreading, 2.142, 2.143
for tables, 3.89
See also specific figures
alterations
author’s (AAs), 2.76, 2.140–41
designer’s (DAs), 2.140
editor’s (EAs), 2.140–41, 13.50
and printer’s errors (PEs), 2.140
and proofreading, 2.115
alternative questions, 5.219
although, 5.207
ALWD Guide to Legal Citation (Association of Legal Writing Directors and Barger), 14.170. See also legal and public documents, source citations for
a.m., p.m., 9.39–40, 10.4, 10.46
ambitransitive (ergative) verbs, 5.103
American Indians. See Indigenous languages; Indigenous peoples
American Medical Association (AMA), 13.3
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1.39
American Psychological Association (APA), 13.3
American Sign Language (ASL), 11.135–45
and Deaf, deaf terms, 8.44
fingerspelling in, 6.81, 11.140
resources on, 11.137
signed languages, defined, 11.135
signs in: components of, 11.136; compound, 11.139; glosses of, 11.138–45; handshapes, 11.142; lexicalized, 11.141; nonmanual, 11.145; pronouns, possessives, and reference, 11.144; small caps for transcription of, 11.138
ampersands
alphabetizing, 15.72
in company names, 6.21, 10.29, 14.34
initialisms with, 10.12
in legal-style citations, 14.202
for Old and Middle English, 11.133
in publishers’ names, 14.34
serial commas omitted before, 6.21
spacing with, 10.12
in titles of works, 8.167, 13.90
in URLs, 7.47
See also and; conjunctions
analytic vs. synthetic languages, 5.217, 5.228
anaphoric pronouns, 5.31. See also pronouns: antecedents of
and
ampersand for, 6.21, 13.90
between with, 6.83, 9.62
both with, 5.205, 5.251, 5.254
coordinate adjectives separated by, 5.95
in generic index cross-references, 15.23
hyphen instead of, 6.113
in lists, 6.142
for multiple authors or editors in source citations, 13.78
pronouns and antecedents with, 5.35, 5.36, 5.37
in publishers’ names, 14.34
punctuation with, 6.19, 6.22, 6.24
sentences beginning with, 5.209, 5.254
and serial commas, 6.19
slash instead of, 6.113
in spelled-out numbers, 9.5
as subordinating conjunction, 5.207
in titles of works, 8.167
and verb number, 5.211
See also ampersands; conjunctions
and if, 6.28
and other stories, 13.94
and so forth or and the like, 6.20, 11.35
and then, 6.24, 6.61
and/or, 5.254
angle brackets
for callouts, 2.35
in generic markup, 2.35, 2.86, 6.111
for less than and more than, 3.84
in mathematical expressions, 6.108, 6.111
with URLs, 6.8
in XML, 6.111
See also brackets
animals. See zoological terminology
animations, 1.116, 2.5. See also multimedia content
Annals of the Congress of the United States, 14.188
annotated bibliographies, 13.68, fig. 13.10
annotations
as copyrightable, 4.5
keyed to line or page numbers, 13.56–57, figs. 13.5–6
in PDF files, 2.77, 2.124, 2.138
See also notes; source citations
announcements in journals, 1.95–96, 1.98, 1.103, 1.108
anonymity of research subjects, 12.58
anonymous works, 4.26, 10.48, 13.81, 14.109
ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 1.39
ante, as prefix, 7.96 (sec. 4)
antecedents. See under pronouns
anthologies. See compilations of previously published materials; edited volumes
anti, as prefix, 7.96 (sec. 4)
any, 5.9
any, as prefix, 5.245, 5.254
APA (American Psychological Association), 13.3
aphorisms. See figures of speech; maxims
Apocrypha, 8.107, 10.52. See also Bible
apodosis, 5.235
apostrophes, 6.124–26
directional (“smart”), 2.85, 2.90, 6.123, 6.125, 7.30
and electronic file cleanup, 2.85
vs. hamza, 11.84
marking on manuscripts, 2.99
marking on proofs, 2.137
in non-English languages: African languages, 11.26; Arabic, 11.86; Chinese, 11.91; Czech, 11.77; French, 11.38; German, 11.43; Greek, 11.126; Hebrew, 11.102; Indigenous languages, 11.51; Italian, 11.55, 11.59–60; Japanese, 11.94
other punctuation with, 6.126
in plurals, 6.124, 7.13, 7.15
in possessives, 5.54, 6.124, 7.16; vs. attributive nouns, 7.27; compound, 7.24; for . . . sake expressions, 7.21; vs. genitive case, 7.25; with gerunds, 7.28; with italicized or quoted terms, 7.29; joint (group) possessives, 5.24, 7.23; of nouns plural in form, singular in meaning, 7.20; with of, 7.26; of proper nouns, 7.17, 7.19, 7.28; of words ending in unpronounced s, 7.18
vs. prime symbols, 9.18
vs. single closing quotation marks, 2.85, 6.9
uses of, other: in abbreviated decades (e.g., ’70s), 9.35; in abbreviated years, 9.32; in contractions, 5.54, 6.124, 7.30; inappropriate, 5.53–54, 5.254, 6.125, 7.9; in legal-style citations, 14.175; in nouns, genitive, 5.11, 5.22–23
appendixes
chronologies as, 1.67
discographies in, 1.70
as electronic supplementary data, 1.66, 1.87
format of term, 8.181
glossaries as, 1.68
illustrations in, numbering, 3.11
indexing, 15.32
multiple, 1.54
notes to, 1.69
numbering, 1.66, 8.182
parenthetical references to, 13.60
placement in books, 1.4, 1.66
running heads for, 1.14
submission of, 2.4
as works made for hire, 4.10
Apple Books, 14.58
appositives
clauses as, 5.234
commas with, 5.26, 6.30–31, 6.44, 8.31
defined, 5.26
with mathematical symbols, 10.71
and pronouns, 5.14, 5.39, 5.55
vs. serial commas, 6.19
subordinating conjunctions in, 5.207
titles and offices of people as, 8.22, 8.31
apps
multimedia, 14.169
names of, 8.155–56
required to read electronic publications (see file formats and devices)
site maps for, 2.142
terminology specific to, 7.81
text-to-speech, 3.28, 3.89, 7.50, 11.7
See also electronic publications
Arabic language, 11.83–88
articles in, 8.15, 11.86–87, 15.83
capitalization in, 8.15, 11.87
names, 8.15, 15.83
resources on, 11.83
special characters in, 11.83–84, 11.88, 11.101, table 11.2
spelling in, 11.85
word division in, 11.88
Arabic numerals
for building and apartment numbers, 9.54
capitalization of term, 9.67
Chicago’s preference for, 9.69
for divisions of publications, 9.28–30
in enzyme names, 8.134
for illustrations, 3.12
and line breaks, 7.43
lining, old-style, and tabular, 3.87
in pagination, 1.4, 1.8, 1.52, 1.53, 2.43, 2.80
for parts of books, 8.182
ranges (inclusive) with, 9.63–64
for roads and thoroughfares, 9.52–53
vs. Roman numerals, 9.69, table 9.1, 14.46, 14.202
for sequels, 8.191
in source citations: for classical Greek and Latin works, 14.143, 14.144, 14.149; for journal volume numbers, 14.70; for parts of books, 8.182, 14.46; for parts of poems and plays, 8.186, 14.154; vs. Roman numerals, 14.46; for scriptural references, 14.141; for volume numbers of multivolume works, 14.18
for spacecraft, 9.46
in tables, 3.57
for unions and lodges, 9.51
See also inclusive (continuing) numbers; numbers; Roman numerals
archaeology, 9.36
archival practices, 1.124, 2.83. See also backup copies
archives, 4.87, 14.193, 14.197–98. See also correspondence; legal and public documents; manuscript collections; unpublished and informally published materials
art styles and movements, 8.80. See also cultural movements and styles
articles (definite and indefinite), 5.74–82
a vs. an, 5.78, 5.254, 7.32–33
and abbreviations, 5.78, 5.254, 7.33, 10.10
appropriate use of, 5.78, 5.254, 7.32–33
in Arabic, 8.15, 11.86–87, 15.83
astronomical names with, 8.141
beginning titles of works, 8.165, 8.171–72, 8.193–94, 11.30, 13.100, 14.69, 14.87, 15.56–57, 15.59–60, 15.64
collective nouns with, 5.9
common nouns with, 5.7
coordinate nouns with, 5.79
defined, 5.74
definite, 5.75, 5.77, 5.79
disregarded in alphabetization, 13.70, 13.81–82, 13.125, 15.56–57, 15.59–60, 15.64, 15.76, 15.96, 15.99
with epithets, 8.35–36
and gender, 5.13, 5.265
with honorifics, 10.20
and hyperlinks, 7.59
indefinite, 5.76–78
in index subentries, 15.59–60, 15.76, 15.128
in indexes of first lines, 15.143
with Indigenous group names, 7.10
meaning affected by, 5.80, 5.81
omission of, 5.81, 8.171, 13.36, 14.91
organization names with, 8.69, 8.71, 14.33, 15.96–97
personal names with, 8.8, 8.12, 15.83
place-names with, 8.60, 15.99, 15.100
as pronoun substitutes, 5.82
proper nouns with, 5.8
in title case, 8.160
with titles of people used in apposition, 8.22, 8.31
zero (implicit), 5.81
See also a and an; the
articles, periodical. See journal articles; magazines; newspapers and news sites
artificial intelligence (AI), 3.38, 14.112
Artists Rights Society, 4.101
artwork
commissioned, 3.34
continuous-tone, 3.3
and copyright, 4.15, 4.101
covers and jackets, 1.33, 1.51, 1.82, 2.113, 4.81, 4.94, 4.103, 4.105
creators’ names, indexing, 15.58
cropping, scaling, and shading, 3.19
emojis as, 10.78
identification of for publishers, 3.16
inventories of, 3.17–18
museum text accompanying, 14.133
original dimensions noted for, 3.27
redrawn by publishers, 3.20
scans, 2.32, 3.15
source citations for, 14.133–35
submission of to publishers, 2.2, 2.5, 2.32, 3.3–4, 3.15–20
titles of, 8.200–204; in captions, 3.22; cartoons, 8.202; exhibition catalogs, 8.204, 14.134; generic, 3.22; indexing, 15.58; public works, 8.58; in source citations, 13.88, 14.133–35
use of term, 3.1
See also captions; illustrations
arXiv.org, 1.122
as, 5.189, 5.202, 5.207, 5.208
as, as if, 5.191, 5.254
as, like, 5.191, 5.254
as . . . as, 5.49, 5.92, 5.205
as far as, 5.207, 5.254
as follows, 6.68, 12.16. See also introductory words and phrases
as if, 5.207, 5.254
as much as, 5.207
as . . . so, 5.251
as so, so as, 5.205, 5.251
as soon as, 5.207
as though, 5.207
as well as, 5.147, 5.207, 6.19
Asian names
Burmese, 15.84
Chinese, 8.16, 11.90–91, 11.92, 11.97, 15.85
Indian, 15.87
Indonesian, 8.19, 15.88
Japanese, 8.17, 11.97, 15.89
Korean, 8.18, 11.96–97, 15.90
other, 8.19, 15.95
Thai, 15.93
Vietnamese, 15.94
See also South Asian languages
ASL. See American Sign Language
assistive technology. See accessibility
associations. See organization names
asterisks
for emphasis, 7.53
for expletives, 6.99
for footnotes, 13.28, 13.30, 13.52, 13.54, fig. 13.4
in legal-style citations, 14.177
in tables, 3.80, 3.81, fig. 3.23
for text breaks, 1.64, 2.10
astronomical and astrophysical terminology, 8.138–43
abbreviations in, 9.11, 10.66–68
celestial bodies, 8.139–43, 10.67
Myr and Gyr, 9.11
resources on, 8.138, 10.66, 10.68
sun and moon, 8.142
See also metric system; scientific and technical terminology
at, in legal-style citations, 14.174, 14.177, 14.186
at sign (@), 15.72
atlases, 4.10
attribute pronouns, 5.48
attribution
and Creative Commons licenses, 4.74, figs. 4.1–2
em dash for, 6.95, 12.35
and fair-use doctrine, 4.88, 4.96
importance of, 4.15, 4.79, 4.96
unnecessary, 12.5
See also illustration credits and credit lines; permissions; source citations; text citations
attributive adjectives, 5.83
attributive nouns, 5.27, 7.27
AUC (ab urbe condita) and such, 9.36
audio (or audiobook) rights, 4.112
audiobooks, 1.2, 1.43, 1.64, 1.84, 2.144, 4.17, 14.58, 14.62, 14.164. See also multimedia content; sound recordings
aughts, the, 9.35
Australia, 1.38, 9.23
authenticity readings, 2.54
author queries, 2.2
and ambiguity in tracking changes, 2.89
circling, 2.98
commenting feature for, 2.92, 2.93
on cross-references, 2.66
in edited volumes, 2.47
example of, fig. 2.4
and fact-checking, 2.62
on formatting text messages, 12.50
inserting in electronic files, 2.92
marking, 2.97
on non-English terms, 7.55
placement in margins, 2.12, 2.48, 2.96–98
on quotations and previously published materials, 2.67
on running heads, 2.81
on silent changes, 2.90
on source citations, 2.68–69, 2.70, 2.75
sticky notes for, avoiding, 2.97
on subheads in tables of contents, 2.63
on table totals, 3.82
wordings for, 2.75
author-and-title indexes, 15.6
author-date reference system, 13.102–28
abbreviations in, 13.103
authors’ names in: alphabetizing, 13.112; authors with same last name, 13.35, 13.116; basic format of, 13.102; different coauthors, 13.112, 13.123–24; editors’ names in place of, 13.106, 13.113, 14.5; examples and variations of, 13.106–7, 13.109; indexing, 15.37–38; initials vs. full names, 14.111; organizations as authors, 13.127; pseudonyms, 13.126; same author, same year, 13.114, 13.123; single vs. several, order for, 13.112; three or more authors or editors, 13.107, 13.123; 3-em dashes vs. repeated names for, 13.113; unknown, 13.125
basic format of, 13.102–4, 13.116
blogs and blog posts in, 14.105
and cross-checking, 2.37, 13.115
databases in, 14.157
disciplines using, 13.2
examples and variations of, 13.105–10, fig. 13.12
Indigenous sources in, 14.137
interviews and personal communications in, 14.111
in journals, 1.117
legal and public documents in, 14.172
manuscript collections in, 14.128
multiauthor books in, 13.107, 13.111, 14.10
multivolume works in, 14.21
and notes and bibliography system, 13.2, 13.102, 14.1
notes used with, 13.42, 13.53, fig. 13.13, 14.128, 14.172
patents in, 14.158
periodicals in, 13.110, 14.70, 14.87, 14.89, 14.98
publication dates in: ahead-of-print, 14.75; basic structure and punctuation of, 13.102, 13.106, 13.110, 13.116, 13.119, 14.1; for databases, 14.157; editions with multiple, 14.16; forthcoming, 13.114, 14.45, 14.75; for letters in published collections, 14.13; for manuscript collections, 14.128; for multivolume works, 14.21; for news and magazine articles, 14.87, 14.89; “no date,” 14.44, 14.104, 14.157; vs. notes and bibliography system, 14.1; references arranged by, 13.113; reprint and modern editions with multiple, 14.16; for working papers, 14.116
secondary sources, quotations from in, 14.160
social media content in, 14.106
syntactic considerations with, 13.122
titles of works in, 13.80, 13.105–10, 13.125
websites and web pages in, 14.104
working papers in, 14.116
See also reference lists; text citations
authors
academic degrees and affiliations, 1.21, 1.56, 1.71, 1.75, 1.101, 1.104, 1.109
and accuracy of works, 2.62, 12.6
alterations of on proofs (AAs), 2.76, 2.140–41
approval of before editing, 2.53, 2.56
biographical notes on (see biographical notes)
books published by (see self-published books)
collected works of single, 8.180
communications with, 2.74–78; about authors’ changes, 2.78; cover letters and instructions, 2.76, 2.93, 2.97; edited manuscripts, 2.77; editing samples, 2.58, 2.74; about permissions, 4.83
field notes of, 12.58
financial assistance for, 1.34, fig. 1.1
indexing, role of in, 2.76, 15.3–4, 15.24, 15.30, 15.109, 15.113
interviews transcribed by, 12.56–57 (see also interviews and discussions)
lists of previous publications by, 1.19
multiple (see edited volumes)
own work used by, 3.32, 4.71, 4.82
papers in collection of, 14.129
photographs of, 2.113
publication process and schedule for, 2.2, figs. 2.1–2
publishers as, 13.86
responsibilities of: alt text, 2.31, 3.15, 3.18, 3.28; audiobook notes, 2.144; backup copies of manuscript, 2.5, 2.45, 2.77; indexing, 2.76; permissions (see permissions); proofreading, 2.53, 2.106; sensitivity and authenticity readings, 2.54
review of copyedited manuscripts by, 2.2, 2.76–78, 2.87, 2.93, 2.106
royalties to, 4.38, 4.56, 4.62, 4.108, 4.112, 4.114
translations by, 11.16, 12.57
warranties by, 4.56, 4.76–77
websites of, 4.69, 4.71, 4.75
See also author queries; authors’ names; contributors to edited volumes and journals; copyright; manuscript preparation guidelines for authors; proofreading; publishing agreements
author’s alterations (AAs), 2.76, 2.140–41
authors’ names
in books: on chapter display, 1.56, 2.37; in copyright notices, 1.24, 4.44; on covers and jackets, 1.78, 1.79; edited volumes, 1.42, 1.56, 1.71, fig. 1.10, 2.37; with epigraphs, 1.41; with forewords and introductions, 1.45, 14.7; form of, 1.21; in running heads, 1.12; in tables of contents, 1.42; on title pages, 1.21, 13.74, 13.84, 14.3
as copyright management information, 4.15
in electronic file names, 2.42
indexing: in separate index, 15.6, 15.38, 15.144; with titles of works, 15.58, 15.105
in journals and journal articles (see under journal articles)
as metadata, 1.84, 13.78
in production checklists, 2.82
proofreading, 2.113, 2.139
in source citations (see authors’ names, in source citations)
in species names, 8.125
See also anonymous works; contributors to edited volumes and journals; pseudonyms and pseudonymous works
authors’ names, in source citations, 13.74–86
alphabetizing, 13.66, 13.69–71, 13.112, fig. 13.8
alternative forms of, 13.84
for anonymous works, 13.81
author-date reference system of (see under author-date reference system)
authors known by given name, 13.85
for blog posts, 14.105
cartographers, 14.135
chronological order of for single-author bibliographies, 13.70
for classical Greek and Latin works, 14.144–45
with coauthors, 13.71
deadnames, 13.84
editors’ names in addition to, 14.6
editors’ names in place of, 14.5
examples and variations of, 13.22–23, 13.25
in footnotes vs. endnotes, 13.51
for forewords, prefaces, and such, 14.12
forms of, 13.18, 13.22–23, 13.74, 14.3
given names, 13.85
Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers, 14.137
initials vs. full names, 13.75–76
interviewees, 14.110
for journals and journal articles, 14.67, 14.84
legal-style citations, 14.173, 14.186
for magazine articles, 14.87
for maps, 14.135
mononyms, 13.85
for multivolume works, 14.19, 14.24
for news articles, 14.89
notes and bibliography system of, overview of, 13.18
organizations as authors, 13.73, 13.86, 13.127
pseudonyms, 13.82–83, 13.126
punctuation of, 6.20
for reference works, 14.130–31
repeated names, 6.100, 13.69–70, 13.72–73, 13.81
screen names, 14.105–6
short forms of, 13.33, 13.35, 14.10, 14.84
single authors, 13.77
three or more authors or editors, 13.23, 13.35, 13.78, 13.107
3-em dashes in, 2.17, 6.100, 13.69, 13.72–73
in titles of works, 13.80
two or more authors or editors with same family name, 13.79
authorship, in copyright. See copyright
automobiles, 8.118. See also vehicles and vessels
auxiliary (helping) verbs, 5.149–58
be-verbs as, 5.159
can, could, 5.151, 5.254
in contractions, 5.109
defined, 5.107, 5.149
do, 5.157, 5.158, 5.222, 5.238
have, 5.136, 5.137, 5.158
with infinitives, 5.110
may, might, 5.152, 5.254
modal, 5.150
must, 5.153
ought, should, 5.154, 5.155, 5.254
and parallel structure, 5.252
in verb phrases, 5.108
will, would, 5.135, 5.138, 5.156, 5.238
averages, in tables, 3.75
awards and prizes, 1.108, 8.32, 8.84, 8.116, 8.174
axes, x and y, 3.44, 3.53, fig. 3.8
ʿayn, 11.84
Azeri language, 11.77