Index
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
C
References are to paragraph numbers except where specified as table or figure (fig.).
- ca. (circa), 7.57, 10.48
- calendar designations. See dates; time designations
- calendar year, 1.89. See also publication dates
- calibers, firearm, 9.21, 10.64
- call letters (broadcasting), 10.30
- callouts to illustrations and tables
- cross-checking, 2.37, 2.71–72
- definition and format of, 2.31, 2.35, 3.8
- generic markup for, 2.86, 2.92
- and placement of features, 3.8, 3.52
- vs. text references, 2.35, 3.8, 3.52
- working numbers in, 3.13
- calls for papers, 1.98, 1.103, 1.108
- campaigns, military, 8.115
- campus locations, 6.87
- can, could, 5.151, 5.254
- can, may, 5.254
- can, not, 5.238
- Canada
- CIP program in, 1.38
- currency in, 9.23
- First Peoples, 8.39
- legal and public documents, 14.194–97
- numbers, 5.254, 9.57
- provinces and territories, 10.33–34, 14.30, 14.91
- resources on military of, 10.17
- time system, 9.41
- Canopy, 1.39
- capital letters
- in abbreviations, 10.4
- for compass points in addresses, 10.39
- decorative initials, 12.36
- drop caps, 12.36
- for generations, 8.43
- for keyboard combinations and shortcuts, 7.83
- for musical elements, 7.76–77, 7.79
- plurals of, 7.15, 7.68
- for scholastic letter grades, 7.68
- standing for names, 7.69
- used as words, 7.15
- See also capitalization; caps and small caps format; full caps; letters (alphabet); small caps
- capitalization
- and abbreviations, 10.6–7, 10.30–31, 10.55, 10.58, 10.69
- of ability or disability status, 8.44
- of academic degrees and affiliations, 8.30, 10.23–24
- of academic subjects and courses of study, 8.86–87
- of brand names and trademarks, 8.70, 8.147, 8.154–55, 8.192, 10.7, 10.55
- of calendar and time designations, 8.89–91, 10.47
- with colons, 6.67
- and common nouns, 5.7
- of communication code words, 7.74
- of company names, 8.69–70, 8.160
- of computer terminology, 7.82–86, 8.156
- consistency in, 2.71, 3.20, 8.80, 8.106, 10.78
- in dialogue, 7.54, 12.44, 12.49
- editors’ notes on, 1.50
- and ellipses, 12.62
- for emphasis, 7.54
- of generic terms for parts of books, 8.181, 8.182
- in glossaries, 2.27
- and groups of people, 8.1; by ability or disability status, 8.44; ethnic, national, and regional, 8.39; generations, 8.32; by sexual orientation and gender identity or expression, 8.42; by socioeconomic status, 8.41
- of historical and cultural terminology, 8.72–80; awards, 8.32, 8.84, 8.116; cultural movements and styles, 8.61–62, 8.80; events, 8.76–79, 8.90, 8.109, 8.114–15; oaths and pledges, 8.85; periods, 8.72–75
- of I (pronoun), 5.43
- in illustration labels and keys, 3.20
- in indexes: checking, 15.132; of cross-references, 15.17–18, 15.20; of main headings and subentries, 15.11
- of initial The in periodical titles, 8.172
- intercaps (midcaps), 8.70, 8.155
- of interjections, 7.31
- italics, instead of, 8.165
- of lectures and lecture series, 8.88
- of letters as shapes, 7.70
- in lists, 2.27, 6.141, 6.142
- marking manuscripts for, 2.102
- marking proofs for, 2.136
- of military terminology, 8.113–16
- in non-English languages (see under non-English materials)
- of organization names, 8.63–71; abbreviations for, 10.7, 10.31; associations, 8.71; companies, 8.69; governmental entities, 8.53, 8.63–66; institutions, 8.69; political and economic organizations and movements, 8.67–68, 8.71; title case for, 8.160
- of part and chapter titles, 2.20, 2.64
- permissible changes to, 8.167, 12.7, 12.18–21, 13.90
- of personal names (see personal names, capitalization of)
- and personifications, 8.38
- of place-names: cities and towns, 5.73, 8.46, 8.52; compass points and directions, 8.47–48; continents, countries, oceans, and such, 8.46, 8.48, 11.68; political divisions, 8.52–53; popular names and epithets, 8.49; public places and structures, 8.57–60; real vs. metaphorical names, 8.51; regions, 8.48, 8.55; topographical divisions, 8.54–56; urban areas, 8.50
- of pronouns, 5.43
- of proper nouns, 5.8, 8.1
- and questions within sentences, 6.45
- and quotations, 8.163, 12.18–21, 12.62
- of religious terms, 8.92–112; deities, 8.92–93; events and concepts, 8.90, 8.95, 8.100, 8.109–11; groups, 8.97–103; names and titles, 8.20, 8.27, 8.34, 8.37; objects, 8.112; places of worship, 8.102; religious figures, 8.94, 8.96; religious works, 8.104–8
- of scientific and technical terminology: abbreviations for, 10.6, 10.55; astronomical and astrophysical, 8.139, 8.141–43; botanical and zoological, 8.121–22, 8.127, 8.128–29, 8.159–60, 13.97; genetic, 8.133; geological, 8.136–37; medical, 8.145–47; physical and chemical, 8.149–50
- of seasons as issue numbers, 1.89, 14.70
- and social abbreviations, 10.78
- in source citations: author-date reference system of, 13.106, 14.45; for blog comments, 14.105; for classical Greek and Latin works, 14.147; examples and variations of, 13.22; legal-style citations, 14.173, 14.175, 14.181, 14.191; of magazine departments, 14.88; of news headlines, 14.90, 14.93; of news services, 14.98; of publishers’ names, 14.35; of titles of works (see under titles of works, in source citations)
- sparing use of (“down” style), 8.1
- and spelled-out forms of abbreviations, 2.27, 10.7, 10.23, 10.58
- of subheads, 1.62, 2.22, 2.65, 8.159
- in tables, 3.55, 3.56, 3.57, 3.60
- in text references to illustrations and tables, 3.51
- of titles and offices (see under titles and offices of people)
- of titles of works (see under titles of works)
- unusual, 8.4, 8.6, 8.70, 8.155
- of URLs and DOIs in text, 13.12
- of vessels and vehicles, 8.117–19
- of words derived from proper nouns, 8.1, 8.48, 8.61–63, 8.80, 8.97–98, 8.154
- of words for Platonic ideas (e.g., Truth), 8.95
- See also capital letters; full caps; historical and cultural terminology; lowercase letters; personal names; proper nouns; sentence case; title case
- caps and small caps format, 12.54, 14.173, 15.139, 15.144
- captions, 3.21–28
- and alt text, 3.28
- vs. artwork citations, 14.133
- capitalization in, 3.21, 3.22
- for charts, 3.45, fig. 3.9
- credit lines in (see illustration credits and credit lines)
- defined, 3.7, 3.21
- differences between print and electronic formats noted in, 3.26
- examples of, 3.21–27, fig. 3.1, figs. 3.4–9
- for illustrations with parts, 3.12, fig. 3.4, figs. 3.6–7
- on journal cover, inside, 1.93
- in lists of illustrations, 1.44, 3.41
- manuscript and editorial concerns with: cross-checking, 2.37; editing, 2.71; guidelines for authors, 2.4, 2.31, 2.42, 3.23; proofreading, 2.120; separate files for, 2.31, 2.42, 3.18; submission of, 2.4; working numbers, 2.33, 3.13
- for maps, 8.201
- for musical examples, fig. 3.5
- omission of, fig. 3.3
- original dimensions noted in, 3.27
- proofreading, 2.118
- punctuation in, 3.21, 3.23–24, 6.14
- separating illustration numbers from, 3.23, 6.128
- shortened, 1.44, 3.41
- spatial locators for parts of illustrations in (e.g., above, left), 3.24, fig. 3.7
- syntax of, 3.21
- titles of works in, 3.21–22
- carets, 2.99, 2.100, 2.130, 2.137
- carets, inverted, 2.99, 2.100, 2.137
- cartoons, 8.202
- cascading style sheets (CSS), 3.89
- case (grammar), 5.19–25
- and conjunctions, 5.202
- defined, 5.11, 5.19
- errors in, 5.40
- genitive, 5.22 (see also genitive case)
- nominative, 5.20 (see also nominative [subjective] case)
- of nouns, 5.11
- objective, 5.21 (see also objective [accusative] case)
- of pronouns, 5.38, 5.44; in apposition, 5.39; interrogative, 5.58; personal, 5.47–49; relative pronouns, 5.62, 5.65
- word order in place of, 5.228
- case fractions (text-sized with horizontal bar), 9.17
- case studies, 12.58
- catachresis, 5.253
- Cataloging-in-Publication (CIP) data, 1.22, 1.38, fig. 1.1
- catalogs
- astronomical, 8.140
- exhibition, 8.204, 14.134
- musical, 8.198
- See also library catalogs
- CCC (Copyright Clearance Center), 1.88, 1.112, 4.99
- CD-ROMs, source citations for, 14.62
- CE (Common Era) and such, 9.36, 9.66, 10.43
- celestial bodies, 8.139–43, 10.67
- cells, data. See tables
- centuries
- with era abbreviations, 9.36
- first vs. later decades of, 9.35
- hyphenation of, 7.94, 7.96 (sec. 3)
- numerical designations for, 8.72
- plurals for, 7.8, 9.34
- spelled out and lowercased, 7.96 (sec. 3), 9.34
- cf. (compare), 10.48, 13.45
- changes from earlier practice. See departures from earlier practice
- chapter display, 1.8, 1.12, 1.16, 1.41, 1.52, 1.55–56, 2.37, 12.36
- chapter numbers
- as alternatives to page numbers in electronic publications, 14.59, 14.60
- Arabic numerals for, 8.182, 9.28, 9.69, 14.46
- chap. with, 14.49
- in chapter display, 1.55
- for conclusions, 1.59
- consecutive, across parts of books, 1.54
- cross-references to, 2.40
- in double and multiple numbering, 1.63, 2.33, 3.11, 3.51
- in endnote subheads, 1.69, 13.49
- in index locators for endnotes, 15.34
- proofreading, 2.118
- in running heads, 1.12, 1.15, 13.50
- in source citations, 14.8, 14.22, 14.52
- chapter titles
- capitalization of, 2.20, 2.64
- conclusions, 1.59
- editing, 2.64
- in endnote subheads, 1.69, 13.49
- formatting instead of generic markup for, 2.86
- generic markup for, 2.64, 2.85
- introductions, 1.48
- in legal-style citations, 14.173
- manuscript preparation guidelines on, 2.20–21
- no punctuation following, 6.14
- notes referring to, 2.26
- omission of in creative genres, 1.55
- proofreading, 2.118, 2.139
- quotation marks for, 8.164, 13.25, 13.88, 13.109, 14.8–9
- in running heads, 1.12, 2.81
- in tables of contents, 1.42, fig. 1.5, 2.21, 2.37, 2.64
- wording of, 1.53, 1.55, 1.59, 1.61
- chapters
- abbreviations for, 10.48, 14.49
- abstracts of, 1.85, 2.29
- appendixes at end of, 1.66
- bibliographies or reference lists at ends of, 1.70, 13.66, 13.111
- books offered as individual, 1.66, 1.69, 1.70, 13.66, 13.111
- conclusions as, 1.59
- cross-references to, 2.40, 8.182
- decorative initials for first word of, 12.36
- division into, 1.55
- DOIs for, 1.37, 14.60
- endnotes at ends of, 1.62, 1.69, 13.46, 13.49, fig. 13.3
- openers of (chapter display), 1.8, 1.12, 1.16, 1.41, 1.52, 1.55–56, 2.37, 12.36
- pagination of, 1.8, 1.52, 1.55
- publishing agreements for, 4.62
- running heads for, 1.12, 1.15, 1.55, 13.50
- source citations for: chapters in edited volumes, 13.25, 13.109, 14.9–10; chapters in multivolume works, 14.22; chapters in single-author books, 14.8; DOIs for, 14.60; examples of, 13.25, 13.109; notes referring to entire, 1.55, 2.26, 13.30; page ranges in, 13.104, 13.106, 13.109, 14.8–9, 14.12, 14.52; previously published, 13.58, 14.80; shortened citations, 14.10; titles, 13.25, 13.88, 13.109, 14.8–9, 14.173
- unnumbered source notes for, 1.55–56, 13.30, 13.58
- as works made for hire, 4.62
- See also chapter numbers; chapter titles
- character sets. See fonts and typefaces; special characters
- character-level formatting, 2.79, 2.87, 7.50
- characters, fictional, 8.36, 8.178. See also creative and literary works; dialogue
- characters, special. See special characters
- charts and graphs, 3.42–47
- as alternatives to tables, 3.49
- appropriate use and definition of, 3.42
- axes and curves in, 3.44, 3.53, fig. 3.8
- consistency in, 2.71, 3.43
- copyright for, 4.101
- credit lines for commissioned, 3.34
- electronic files, preparation of, 3.44
- examples of, figs. 3.8–9
- fair use of, 4.95
- genealogical and pedigree, 1.67, 3.47, fig. 3.11
- indexing, 15.39
- labels in, 3.45–46
- as line art, 3.4, 3.42
- resources on, 3.42
- symbols or patterns used in, 3.25, figs. 3.8–9
- titles of, 3.45
- as works made for hire, 4.10
- See also illustrations; tables
- chatbot conversations, 14.112
- chemical terminology, 8.148–53
- abbreviations for, 10.69
- laws and theories, 8.149
- metric units, 8.153
- names and symbols, 7.96 (sec. 1), 8.150–51, 10.69
- radiations, 8.152
- resources on, 8.148, 10.69
- ChemRxiv, 1.122
- children’s books, 1.38, 1.42
- Chinese language, 11.89–92, 11.97–99
- characters for, 11.99
- names, 8.16, 11.90–91, 11.92, 11.97, 15.85
- romanization systems (Pinyin, Wade-Giles) for, 11.89–92, 15.85
- titles of works in, 11.98
- chronological order
- for bibliographies and reference lists, 2.69, 13.70, 13.113
- for index subentries, 15.78, 15.132
- for letters and diaries, 1.58
- chronologies, 1.4, 1.67, fig. 1.9
- chronology systems, 9.36, 9.66, 10.43
- Church, church, 8.99, 8.102. See also religions and religious concerns
- CIP (Cataloging-in-Publication) data, 1.22, 1.38, fig. 1.1
- circa (ca.), 7.57, 10.48
- circling
- editorial marking, 2.98, 2.100, 2.103
- proofreader’s marking, 2.126, 2.129, 2.132–34, 2.136–37
- cis, as prefix, 7.96 (sec. 4)
- citation. See source citations
- citation management software, 13.13, 13.15
- cities and towns
- administrative bodies, 8.64
- judicial bodies, 8.65
- laws and ordinances, 14.189, 14.202
- legislative bodies, 8.63
- names: in addresses, punctuation of, 6.42, 10.34; alphabetizing, 15.98–101; areas within, 8.50; capitalization of, 5.73, 8.46, 8.52; English forms of non-English cities, 14.30, 14.35; with generic terms, 10.35, 11.28, 15.98, 15.101; as locations of manuscript collections, 14.125; with names of states or territories, 10.32, 10.34; in newspaper titles, 14.91–92, 15.56; in places of publication, 14.30; on title pages, 1.21
- numbered divisions of, 9.48
- See also civil and civic concerns; governmental entities; places of publication
- civil and civic concerns
- awards and prizes, 8.84
- committee minutes and such, 14.127
- holidays, 8.90
- honors, 8.32
- titles and offices, 8.20, 8.23, 10.15–16, 14.185
- See also cities and towns; governmental entities; public places and structures
- class, socioeconomic, 8.41
- classic English works, 1.48, 1.53, 14.61, 14.153–54
- classical Greek and Latin works
- artworks, 8.200
- capitalization of, 11.61, 14.147
- resources on, 14.144
- source citations for, 14.142–51; abbreviations in, 14.144–48, 14.150; authors’ names in, 14.144–45; editions, 14.146, 14.148, 14.151; editors’ names in, 14.146, 14.149–50, 14.160; fragments of texts, 14.150; inscription collections, 14.149; numbers or letters as identifiers in, 14.143, 14.144–45, 14.149; punctuation in, 14.145, 14.150; superscripts in, 14.148; text citations, 14.142; titles in, 14.145, 14.147–48; translators’ names in, 14.146
- See also Greek language; Latin language
- clauses, 5.232–35
- adjectival, 5.226, 5.232
- adverbial, 5.232
- appositive, 5.234
- case of, 5.70
- conditional (protases), 5.235
- contact, 5.233
- coordinate, 5.225, 5.227
- defined, 5.232
- dependent (see dependent [subordinate] clauses)
- elliptical, 5.233, 6.58
- independent (see independent clauses)
- parallel structure in, 5.249
- personal pronouns as subjects of, 5.47
- punctuation with, 5.26, 6.22–30, 6.35, 6.60–63, 6.95
- relative, 3.55, 5.60, 5.63–64, 5.232–34, 6.29
- restrictive and nonrestrictive, 5.26, 6.27, 6.29–30
- See also conjunctions; phrases
- cleanup, 2.8, 2.44, 2.59, 2.65, 2.69, 2.84–85, 2.90, 13.13
- clerical titles, 8.27, 8.34, 10.20, 15.47. See also religions and religious concerns
- climate, named events, 8.78
- closed (solid) compounds, 7.88–89, 7.95. See also compound terms
- close-up mark, 2.130, fig. 2.6, 11.139
- clothing sizes, 9.8
- CMYK mode, 3.3
- co, as prefix, 7.96 (sec. 4)
- coauthored works
- copyright for, fig. 4.2
- publishing agreements for, 4.59
- source citations for: alphabetizing, 13.71, 13.112, 13.114; author-date reference system of, 13.107, 13.123; authors with same family name, 13.79; indexing, 15.38; multiple authors or editors, 13.23, 13.35, 13.78, 13.107; repeated names, 13.72–73; same author with different coauthors, 13.71, 13.112, 13.123–24; shortened citations, 13.35; text citations, 13.123; two or more authors or editors with same family name, 13.79; word order and punctuation in, 13.78
- Code of Federal Regulations, 14.190
- codes and coding. See markup for manuscript editing (generic markup); markup languages, formal; tags
- coinage of words, 5.98, 7.14. See also words derived from proper nouns
- collected works of authors, 8.180
- collections. See legal and public documents; manuscript collections; unpublished and informally published materials
- collections of classical inscriptions, 14.149
- collective nouns, 5.7, 5.9, 5.16–18, 5.35, 5.143
- collective works, 4.8, 4.10. See also compilations of previously published materials; derivative works; edited volumes
- colloquial usage
- adverb suffixes in, 5.163
- conjunctions in, 5.202
- contractions in, 7.30
- and descriptive grammar, 5.3
- flat adverbs in, 5.165
- vs. grammar, 5.253
- grammatical ellipses in, 5.236
- interjections as, 5.214
- like in, 5.191, 5.254
- nominative pronouns in, 5.70
- only in, 5.177
- singular they in, 5.51
- they without antecedent in, 5.33
- See also common expressions; dialect; figures of speech; idioms; maxims; slang
- colons, 6.65–71
- and capitalization, 6.67
- common misuses of, 6.71
- em dashes instead of, 6.91
- marking manuscripts for, 2.98, 2.100
- marking proofs for, 2.137
- other punctuation with: ellipses, 12.63; parentheses, 6.104; quotation marks, 6.10, 6.69, 12.16
- spacing with, 2.11, 6.7, 6.66, 13.91, 14.18, 14.51, 14.70, 14.74
- uses of, 6.65; in captions, 3.24; in correspondence, 6.57; with dates in titles of works, 13.95; in direct address, 6.70; in double or multiple numbering, 1.63; in glossaries, 1.68, 2.27; in indexes, 15.19–20, 15.25, 15.103; introducing lists, 6.136, 6.140–41; in non-English languages, 11.126; with page numbers for journal articles, 13.110; in path names, 6.120; with publication details, 14.30–31, 14.70, 14.74; with quotations or dialogue, 6.10, 6.67, 6.69, 12.16, 12.48, 13.14; in ratios, 6.66, 9.60; in scriptural citations, 9.28, 14.139, 14.141; in table source notes, 2.36, 3.78; in tables, 3.61, 3.79; between titles and subtitles, 1.21, 8.166–67, 13.91–93, 13.95, 13.98, 14.68; in transcriptions of discussions or interviews, 12.56; in twenty-four-hour system of time, 9.41–42; between volume and page numbers, 13.26, 13.117, 14.18, 14.51, 14.74
- See also punctuation; semicolons
- colophons (logos), 1.21, 1.78–79
- colophons (production details), 1.4, 1.8, 1.76
- color
- in charts and graphs, 3.42, 3.44
- continuous tone vs. halftone images, 3.3, 3.6
- in editing paper-only manuscripts, 2.96
- in electronic journals, 1.116
- for hyperlinks, 7.59
- in illustrations, 1.6, 2.42, 2.112, 3.3, 3.15, 3.19, 3.44
- for journal covers, 1.93
- in line art, 3.19
- names, 7.96 (sec. 1)
- process printing, 3.3
- for proofreading marks, 2.128
- and punctuation, 6.3
- for text messages as dialogue, 12.50
- for tracking changes, 2.89
- columns
- avoiding multiple in glossaries, 2.27
- in indexes, 1.73, 15.24, 15.134, 15.137, 15.143
- in vertical lists, 6.141
- See also magazines; newspapers and news sites; tables; tabular material
- combining forms, 7.88, 7.94, 7.96 (secs. 2, 4)
- comma splices (run-on sentences), 6.23, 6.49, 6.61
- command papers (UK), 14.204
- commands, 5.221. See also imperative sentences (directives)
- commas, 6.16–59
- with abbreviations: academic and professional designations, 10.23–24; e.g. and i.e., 5.254; etc. and et al., 6.20; Inc., Ltd., and such, 6.47; Jr., Sr., and such, 6.46; o.s. and n.s. (old series and new series), 14.28; postal codes, 10.34
- with clauses: in compound predicates, 6.24–25, 6.49; dependent, 6.26–29; independent, 6.22–23, 6.35, 6.49; relative, 6.29; restrictive and nonrestrictive, 5.26, 6.27, 6.29, 6.30
- em dashes instead of, 6.91
- in indexes, 15.102; and alphabetization, 15.67–69; in cross-references, 15.19; for inverted names (see indexing: personal names); between locators, 15.25, 15.102; after titles ending with question mark or exclamation point, 15.62
- marking manuscripts for, 2.98–100
- marking proofs for, 2.137
- other punctuation with: apostrophes, 6.126; brackets, 6.18; ellipses, 12.63; exclamation points, 6.134; parentheses, 6.18, 6.104; question marks, 6.45, 6.134; quotation marks, 2.85, 6.9
- pairs of, 6.17, 6.28, 6.35
- vs. parentheses, 6.101
- serial (Oxford), 6.19–21, 6.24–25, 8.167, 14.34
- in source citations: with access dates, 14.73; between authors’ names, 13.78; for classical Greek and Latin works, 14.145; with illustration numbers, 14.57; for interviews and personal communications, 14.111; legal-style citations, 14.174; with magazine article page numbers, 14.87; with nonconsecutive locators, 13.20, 14.47; notes, 13.18; with or in double titles, 13.93; with page and issue numbers, 14.70, 14.74; periodical citations, 14.66, 14.70, 14.73; with publication details, 14.29, 14.31; in publishers’ names, 14.33–34; text citations, 13.106, 13.117, 13.123–24, 14.44–45; in titles of works, 13.93, 13.95, 14.127; with volume numbers, 14.51
- uses of, other: in addresses, 6.42, 10.34; with adverbial phrases, 6.34–35; with appositives, 5.26, 6.30–31, 6.44, 8.31; with but, 5.254; in captions, 3.24; with conjunctive adverbs, 6.52, 6.61; and consecutive conjunctions, 6.28; with coordinate adjectives, 5.95, 6.39; with coordinating conjunctions, 6.22, 6.24–25, 6.35, 6.63; with correlative conjunctions, 6.49; in dates, 5.87, 6.17, 6.41, 9.56; with direct address, 6.57; in editorial interpolations, 6.18; with explanatory alternatives, 6.55; in global positioning coordinates, 10.41; in glossed ASL, 11.143; in grammatical ellipses, 6.58; between homonyms, 6.59; with including, 6.53; with interjections, 5.213, 6.38; with introductory phrases, 6.33–34, 6.36–38; with Jr., Sr., and such, 6.46, 15.49; in lists, 6.140, 6.142, 12.69; with names of relatives, 6.31; with not phrases, 6.48; in numbers, 3.73, 7.43, 9.56–58, 9.65; with opus numbers, 8.198; with parenthetical elements in sentences, 6.51, 6.54; with participial phrases, 6.33, 6.35; with place-names, 5.73, 6.42; preceding main clause, 6.26; with questions, 6.45; with quotations, 6.43, 12.14, 12.41; with quoted titles or expressions, 6.44; with repeated adjectives, 6.40; with speaker tags, 12.41; with such as, 6.53; with suspended hyphens, 7.95; with that is, namely, for example, and such, 6.54; with the more, the less, and such, 6.50; with titles of works, 6.17, 8.167, 8.169, 15.56–57; with too and either, 6.56; in twenty-four-hour system of time, 9.42; with which vs. that, 6.29
- vocative (with direct address), 6.57
- when to omit, 6.134, 12.43
- See also punctuation
- commercial terms and abbreviations, 10.77
- Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), 1.100
- common expressions, 7.63, 7.65, 7.67, 12.5, 12.37
- common nouns (concrete, abstract, and collective), 5.6–7, 8.1
- common-law copyright, 4.2, 4.15, 4.20, 4.24
- communication code words, 7.74
- communications. See interviews and discussions; personal communications
- companies. See business and commerce; company names
- company names
- abbreviations for, 10.28–31, 14.32, 14.33, 14.35
- alphabetizing, 15.97
- ampersands in, 6.21, 10.29, 14.34
- articles in, 8.69, 14.33, 15.96
- capitalization of, 8.69–70, 8.160
- corporate features with, 6.47, 6.132, 10.29, 10.28, 14.33, 14.35
- indexing, 15.97
- non-English, 10.28, 14.34–35
- omissible parts of, 14.33
- possessives of, 7.17
- spelled out in running text, 10.29
- and titles of news sites, 8.194
- with unusual capitalization (e.g., eBay), 8.70
- comparative adjectives, 5.88–89, 5.91–92, 5.207
- comparative adverbs, 5.168, 5.207
- comparison or degree, 5.207. See also adjectives: degrees of; adverbs: degrees of
- compass points and directions, 7.96 (sec. 1), 8.47–48, 10.39–41
- competing publications, 4.56
- compilations of previously published materials, 2.48–52
- and copyright, 2.51, 4.5
- illustrations in, 2.52
- manuscript preparation guidelines on, 2.48–52
- notes in, 2.49–50
- permissible changes to, 2.49, 2.67
- permissions for, 4.109
- source notes in, 1.56, figs. 1.3–4, 2.51, 4.82, 13.58
- as works made for hire, 4.10
- compilers
- abbreviations with, in source citations, 10.48, 14.5–6
- in addition to authors, 14.6
- as authors of forewords, 1.45
- biographical notes on, 1.75
- and copyright, 4.8
- permissions as responsibility of, 4.109
- in place of authors, 14.5
- See also editors; previously published materials
- complex (phrasal) prepositions, 5.180
- complex sentences, 5.226, 5.232
- compositors and composition. See typesetters and typesetting
- compound adverbs, 5.166, 7.93, 7.96
- compound predicates, 5.225, 6.24–25, 6.49
- compound sentences, 5.225
- compound terms
- abbreviated, 6.86
- adjectives as, 6.86
- adverbs as, 5.166, 7.93, 7.96
- alphabetizing, 15.66, 15.68, 15.80, 15.92
- in ASL, 11.139
- closed, trend toward, 7.89
- conjunctions as, 5.203
- defined, 7.88
- en dashes in, 6.82, 6.86–87
- genitives of, 5.22
- hyphenation of, 7.87–96; with adverbs ending in ‑ly, 7.93, 7.96; compound modifiers, 5.80, 5.96–97, 6.85, 7.8, 7.91–92; and en dash vs. hyphen, 6.86; ethnic and national groups, 7.96 (sec. 2), 8.40; guide to, 7.96; and line breaks, 2.117; personal names, 8.7; with prefixes or suffixes, 6.86, 7.40, 7.87, 7.96 (secs. 2, 4), 8.162; in title case, 8.162; and word division, 7.40
- and inclusivity, 5.263
- in non-English languages, 11.28, 11.47, 11.65, 11.75, 11.131
- open, 6.113, 7.88, 15.66
- permanent, 7.88
- personal names, 8.7, 15.80, 15.92
- in phrasal adjectives, 5.83, 5.96, 5.97, 7.91–92, 7.96 (secs. 2, 3)
- plurals of, 7.7
- possessives of, 7.24
- prepositional phrases with, 5.185
- prepositions as, 5.179
- pronoun case errors in, 5.40
- pronouns, relative, 5.69
- proper nouns, 5.8, 6.86, 7.91, 7.96
- readability of, 7.90
- reflexive pronouns (-self forms), 5.51, 5.55, 5.254
- slashes with, 6.113
- suspended, 5.96, 7.8, 7.95, 7.96 (sec. 1)
- temporary, 7.88
- types of, 7.88, 7.89
- and word division, 2.117, 7.40, 7.42, 11.47
- See also hyphens and hyphenation; prefixes; suffixes; word division
- compound-complex sentences, 5.227
- computer software
- abbreviations for time designations in, 10.44–45
- and conversion errors, 2.85, 2.118, 2.142
- names of apps, 8.155–56
- small caps in, 10.9
- sorting functions in, 13.69, 15.5, 15.65, 15.113, 15.122
- source citations for, 14.169
- and special characters, 2.19, 11.48, 11.79
- specific types of: for artwork, 3.4, 3.15; for citation management, 13.13, 13.15; for document comparison, 2.91; for indexing, 15.5, 15.65, 15.113, 15.116, 15.122; for manuscript editing, 2.84–85; for manuscript preparation, 2.5, 2.8, 2.82; and page layout, 6.129, 7.36; PDF proofreading tools, 2.77, 2.138
- See also apps; computer terminology; databases; file formats and devices; tracking changes (redlining); Unicode standard; word processors
- computer terminology, 7.81–86, 9.12, 10.55
- apps, devices, and operating systems, 7.83, 8.156
- binary systems, 9.12, 10.62
- capitalization of, 7.82–86, 8.156
- concert reviews, 14.99, 14.101
- conclusions, 1.4, 1.54, 1.59, fig. 1.5
- concordances, 15.5
- concrete nouns, 5.6, 5.7, 5.9
- condensation rights, 4.112
- conditional clauses (protases), 5.235
- conferences
- announcements of, 1.95, 1.98, 1.108
- names of, 8.71
- papers and posters presented at, 14.115
- proceedings of, 1.44, 4.8, 4.63, 14.115
- See also speeches; unpublished and informally published materials; working papers
- conflicts of interest, 1.104
- Congress, US. See US Congress
- Congressional Globe, 14.188
- Congressional Record, 14.187
- conjugation. See verbs
- conjunctions, 5.202–12
- adverbial, 5.208
- adverbs modifying, 5.161
- as and as if, 5.191
- beginning sentences with, 5.209–10, 5.254, 6.63
- compound predicates joined by, 6.24–25, 6.49
- consecutive, 6.28
- defined, 5.202
- in imperative sentences, 6.22
- independent clauses with, 6.22, 6.35, 6.49, 6.63
- in index subentries, 15.76
- as interjections, 5.215
- mathematical symbols as, 6.130
- vs. prepositions, 5.190
- punctuation with, 6.19, 6.22, 6.24–25, 6.28, 6.35, 6.49, 6.63
- and quotations in text, 6.43
- than, 5.189
- that, omitting, 5.212, 5.233
- types of: coordinating, 5.204, 5.237, 6.22, 6.24–25, 6.28, 6.35, 6.57, 6.63, 8.160; correlative, 5.204–5, 5.237, 5.251, 5.254, 6.49; simple vs. compound, 5.203; subordinating, 5.181, 5.206–7, 5.232, 6.26, 6.28
- and verb number, 5.211
- in vertical lists, 6.142
- See also and; but; or
- conjunctive adverbs (however, therefore, and such), 5.210, 6.52, 6.61
- connecting (linking) verbs, 5.48, 5.86, 5.97, 5.105, 5.159, 5.175, 6.33
- connectives, misleading, 5.147
- consistency. See manuscript editing: checking consistency and format; parallel structure
- constitutions and amendments, 8.81, 9.30, 14.173, 14.181
- contact clauses, 5.233
- content (trigger) warnings, 1.35, 1.79
- context breaks, 1.64
- continents, 8.46, 8.48
- continued lines
- in indexes, 15.138
- in tables, 3.87–88, fig. 3.26
- continuing numbers. See inclusive (continuing) numbers; page ranges
- continuity checking, 2.62
- continuous (imperfect, progressive) tenses, 5.123, 5.132, 5.139, 5.160
- continuous publishing model, 1.90–91, 1.123, 14.71
- continuous-tone artwork, 3.3
- contractions
- apostrophes in, 5.54, 6.124, 7.30
- in British style, 10.4
- defined, 5.109, 10.2
- in non-English languages, 10.19, 10.28, 11.43, 11.55
- with not, 5.238
- vs. possessives, 5.54
- in verb phrases, 5.108
- contracts, private, 14.118
- contracts, publication. See publishing agreements
- contributed volumes. See collective works; edited volumes
- contributors to edited volumes and journals
- biographical notes on, 1.56, 1.71, 1.109, fig. 1.10, 2.46, 13.59
- communications with, 2.74
- lists of: vs. biographical notes on, 13.59; cross-checking, 2.37; format and placement of, 1.4, 1.56, 1.71, 1.109, fig. 1.10; volume editors’ responsibility for, 2.46
- other (ghostwriters, authors of forewords, etc.), 14.7
- publishing agreements for, 2.47, 4.59–61, 4.62–63
- See also authors; authors’ names; edited volumes; journal articles; manuscript preparation guidelines for authors
- controlled vocabularies, 1.102
- conversation. See dialogue; direct address; speech
- coordinate adjectives, 5.95, 6.39
- coordinate clauses, 5.225, 5.227
- coordinate nouns, 5.79
- Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), 10.47
- coordinating conjunctions, 5.204, 5.237, 6.22, 6.24–25, 6.28, 6.35, 6.57, 6.63, 8.160
- coordination, 5.249
- copula (linking) verbs, 5.48, 5.86, 5.97, 5.105, 5.159, 5.175, 6.33
- copy, types of, 2.115
- copyediting, 2.53. See also manuscript editing; manuscript editors
- copyeditors. See manuscript editors
- copyright, 4.1–39
- accuracy and candor in process, 4.51
- assignment or licensing of, 4.35–39
- and authors’ electronic use of own work, 4.71
- and authorship rights, 4.6, 4.13–19
- and authorship varieties, 4.7–12; for collective works, 4.8; individual and joint authors, 4.7, 4.12; original owner, 1.24, 1.26, 4.6, 4.11, 4.44; for works made for hire, 4.9–12, 4.25, 4.39
- changes in, 1.26
- date of, 1.21, 1.24–26, 14.41
- deposit requirements of, 4.49
- and derivative works, 4.14, 4.32, 4.47
- of dissertations and theses, 4.64
- dual system of, 4.2, 4.19, 4.24
- duration of: for jointly authored works, 4.24; lengthened in 1978, 4.21; under “life plus seventy” rule, 4.24, 4.26–27; overview of, table 4.1; for works created after 1977, 4.24–26, 4.101; for works created before 1978, 4.19, 4.27–31, 4.101
- of electronic publications, 4.13, 4.49–50, 4.112–13, 14.167
- extensive paraphrasing under, 4.93
- importance of, 4.1
- law relevant to, 4.2, 4.10, 4.19, 4.27
- management information, protection of, 4.15
- material covered by, 4.3, 4.5
- of material derived from public-domain works, 4.23, 4.47
- for new editions, 4.29, 4.53
- and non-US publications and publishers, 4.19, 4.21, 4.30–31, 4.41, 4.49
- and open-access publishing models, 4.65
- and photocopying, 4.17, 4.36, 4.71, 4.112
- preregistration of, 4.52
- of previously published materials, 2.51, 4.5
- and public access policies, 4.70
- and public display, 4.13, 4.14, 4.35
- publishers’ responsibilities for, 4.33
- “reasonable effort” to correct mistakes, 4.48
- registration of, 4.4, 4.19, 4.48, 4.50–54
- renewal of, 1.26, 4.19, 4.28, 4.32–34, 4.42, 14.42
- subdivision of, 4.35
- symbol for, 1.24, 4.42, 10.49
- termination of transfers under, 4.39
- and university licenses, 4.69
- of unpublished and informally published materials, 4.20, 4.27, 4.43, 4.50
- word forms for, 5.254
- See also copyright notices; fair-use doctrine; illustration credits and credit lines; intellectual property rights; licenses for copyrighted works; permissions; publishing agreements; subsidiary rights
- Copyright Act of 1976 (and amendments), 1.22, 4.2, 4.21, 4.88
- Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 1.88, 1.112, 4.99
- copyright lines, for journals, 1.88, 1.93, 1.95, 1.104, 1.112, 2.139
- copyright management information, 4.15
- copyright notices, 4.40–48
- components of, 1.24, figs. 1.1–4, 4.42–48
- as copyright management information, 4.15
- for derivative works, 4.47
- different regimes of, 4.2, 4.41
- for government-produced works, 4.46
- for journals, 1.88, 1.93, 1.95, 1.104, 1.112, 2.114, 2.139, 4.45
- mistakes in, 4.40, 4.48
- necessity for, 4.28
- in notes, unnumbered, 13.58
- old rules of removed, 4.4, 4.40
- placement of, 1.22, 1.24, 4.45
- renewal reflected in, 1.26
- copyright pages, contents of
- accessible cover descriptions, 1.51
- acknowledgments, 1.22, 1.33, 1.34, figs. 1.3–4
- changes and renewals, 1.26
- CIP data, 1.22, 1.38, fig. 1.1
- content (trigger) warnings, 1.35, 1.79
- copyright notices, 1.22, 1.24, 4.45
- countries of printing, 1.22, 1.29
- disclaimers, 1.35
- DOIs, 1.22, 1.31, 1.37, fig. 1.1
- editions, 1.22, 1.25, 1.27–28, fig. 1.2, 14.15
- grant information, 1.34
- illustration credits, 1.33, 1.82, fig. 1.4, 3.31, 4.82
- impression lines, 1.22, 1.30–31, figs. 1.1–2
- ISBNs, 1.22, 1.36, fig. 1.1
- pagination omitted from, 1.4, 1.7
- paper durability statement, 1.22, 1.39, fig. 1.1
- permissions, 1.22, 1.33, 4.82
- places of publication, 14.30
- proofreading, 2.139
- publication dates, 1.24, 1.27, 14.41
- publishers’ addresses, 1.22–23
- publishers’ responsibility for, 2.4, 2.63
- publishing histories, 1.27
- running heads omitted from, 1.11
- series information, 1.19
- translation information, 1.32, fig. 1.3
- See also copyright notices
- corporations. See business and commerce; organization names
- correlative conjunctions, 5.204–5, 5.237, 5.251, 5.254, 6.49. See also either . . . or; neither . . . nor; not only . . . but also
- correspondence
- chronological order for, 1.58
- and copyright issues, 4.19
- multiple paragraphs quoted from, 12.34
- permissible changes to, 12.8
- punctuation in, 6.14, 6.57, 6.70
- quotations from, 12.10, 12.72
- source citations for: examples of, 14.127; in manuscript collections, 14.126; in private collections, 14.129; in published collections, 14.13; shortened citations, 14.13
- See also letters to the editor; manuscript collections; personal communications; unpublished and informally published materials
- could, can, 5.151, 5.254
- count nouns, 5.6, 15.9
- counter, as prefix, 7.96 (sec. 4)
- counties, judicial bodies of, 8.65
- countries
- adjectives from names of, 5.73, 8.46
- capitalization of, 11.68
- in newspaper titles, 14.91
- in places of publication, 14.30
- regions of, 8.48, 8.55
- when to abbreviate names of, 10.36–37, 14.191
- See also cities and towns; governmental entities
- courses of study, 8.87
- courtesy, in illustration credit lines, 3.35, 4.106
- courts, 4.97, 8.65, 14.177–80, 14.195, 14.200, 14.206. See also legal and public documents; legal and public documents, source citations for
- cover images, 1.93
- covers of journals and paperback books
- accessible descriptions of, 1.51
- artwork on, 1.33, 1.51, 1.82, 2.113, 4.81, 4.94, 4.103, 4.105
- authors’ previous publications on, 1.19
- biographical notes on, 1.75, 1.79–80
- colophons (logos) on, 1.78–79
- countries of printing on, 1.29
- design of, 1.125, 2.3
- DOIs on, 1.37
- endpapers glued against, 1.81
- and front matter, 1.94
- with gatefolds (French flaps), 1.79, 2.113
- as historical context, 1.114
- illustration credit lines on, 1.82, fig. 1.4
- image of, 1.93
- ISBNs and bar codes on, 1.36, 1.78, 1.83, 1.93
- promotional copy on, 1.17, 1.79
- proofreading, 2.105, 2.108, 2.113–14, 2.139
- tables of contents on, 1.96, 2.114
- title capitalization on, 8.158
- See also dust jackets; hardcover books
- COVID-19, Covid-19, 10.6
- creative and literary works
- cultural terms for (e.g., abstract expressionism), 8.80
- dramatic rights to, 4.112
- epithets for characters in, 8.36
- fair use of, 4.90–91
- frequent reference to, 12.78
- personification in, 8.38
- present tense for plot of, 5.133
- print-only publication of, 1.2, 1.86
- rhyme schemes of, 7.72
- running heads in, 1.12
- sound recordings of, 14.164
- titles of, 9.45, 15.58
- and trademark protection, 4.16
- See also classical Greek and Latin works; dialogue; drama; poetry; quotations; titles of works
- Creative Commons (CC) licenses
- application of, 4.73
- and attribution, 4.74, figs. 4.1–2
- on copyright pages, 1.22
- and fair-use doctrine, 4.96
- and gold open access, 4.67
- for illustrations, 3.30, 3.33, 3.35
- in metadata, 1.84, 1.101
- overview of, 4.72
- and publishing agreements, 4.56
- for theses and dissertations, 4.64
- types of, 4.74
- creative genres
- acknowledgments in, 1.65
- acronyms and initialisms in, 10.6
- book divisions in, 1.42
- brand names and trademarks in, 8.154
- chapter titles in, 1.55
- continuity checking for, 2.62
- descriptions in lieu of abstracts for, 1.85, 2.29
- multilingual narratives, 11.4
- non-English words and phrases in, 11.3–4
- punctuation in, 6.16, 6.24, 6.27, 6.60
- run-on sentences in, 6.23
- series of works, 8.178
- social abbreviations in, 10.78
- style sheets for, 2.61
- tables of contents in, 1.42–43
- credits and credit lines. See illustration credits and credit lines
- criminal cases. See legal cases
- Croatian language, 11.77
- cropping, 3.19
- cross, compound terms with, 7.96 (sec. 3)
- CrossMark, 1.121
- Crossref (DOI registration agency), 1.37, 1.88, 1.101, 1.121, 13.7
- cross-references, in indexes, 15.15–23
- accuracy of, 15.129
- alphabetizing, 15.17, 15.20
- and used with generic, 15.23
- blind, 15.16
- capitalization of, 15.17–18, 15.20
- checking and editing, 15.125, 15.129, 15.132
- correspondence of with entry wording, 15.21
- dedicated indexing software for, 15.113
- vs. double posting, 15.16, 15.98, 15.132
- following subentries, 15.10, 15.18, 15.20, 15.26
- generic, 15.23
- in indented style, 15.20, 15.26, 15.28
- italics in, 15.15, 15.20, 15.22–23
- for organization names, 15.54, 15.97
- overuse of, 15.15
- for personal names, 15.44, 15.46, 15.50, 15.82–83, 15.85, 15.91–92, 15.94, 15.97
- placement and punctuation of, 15.17–20, 15.23, 15.25–26, 15.103–5
- for place-names, 15.101
- in run-in style, 15.20, 15.25
- see also and see also under in, 15.20, 15.26, 15.104
- see and see under in, 15.16–19, 15.104
- shortened, 15.21
- to subentries, 15.19–20
- and term choice, 15.29–30, 15.125
- typing and modifying, 15.121
- cross-references, in source citations
- for alternative real names, 13.84
- for authors preferring initials, 13.76
- legal-style citations, 14.173
- for pseudonyms, 13.83
- in reference lists, 14.10
- for several chapters from same book, 14.10
- from shortened citations, 13.34
- text citations, 13.124
- cross-references, in text
- alterations to, 2.141
- checking and editing, 2.37, 2.40, 2.66, 13.34
- in electronic publications, 2.40
- to entire chapters, 2.40, 8.182
- for illustrations, 2.33
- in notes and citations, 13.31, 13.34
- in previously published materials, 2.49
- proofreading, 2.139
- to specific page numbers, 2.40, 2.66
- See also hyperlinks
- CSS (cascading style sheets), 3.89
- cultivated varieties (cultivars), 8.131
- cultural movements and styles
- descriptive designations for, 8.73
- period names, 8.74–75
- treatment of in text, 8.61–62, 8.80, 11.97
- See also historical and cultural terminology
- curly brackets. See braces
- currency. See money
- curves, in graphs, 3.44
- cut-in heads (tables), 3.54, 3.59, fig. 3.15
- CYAC (Children’s and Young Adults’ Cataloging), 1.38
- cyber, as prefix, 7.96 (sec. 4)
- Cyrillic alphabet, 11.77, 11.107–9, 11.113–17, table 11.3. See also Russian language
- Czech language, 11.77