14: Notes and Bibliography
- Source Citations: An Overview
- 14.1The purpose of source citations
- 14.2Chicago’s two systems of source citation
- 14.3Other systems of source citation
- 14.4Flexibility and consistency
- 14.5Citation management tools
- Sources Consulted Online
- 14.6Electronic resource identifiers
- 14.7Uniform resource locators (URLs)
- 14.8Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)
- 14.9Permalinks and the like
- 14.10Short forms for URLs
- 14.11Library and other bibliographic databases
- 14.12Access dates
- 14.13“Last modified” and other revision dates
- 14.14Authority and permanence
- 14.15Preserving a permanent record
- 14.16Publications available in more than one medium
- 14.17URLs and other such elements in relation to surrounding text
- 14.18URLs and line breaks
- Basic Format, with Examples and Variations
- 14.19Notes and bibliography—an overview
- 14.20Basic structure of a note
- 14.21Basic structure of a bibliography entry
- 14.22Page numbers and other locators
- 14.23Notes and bibliography—examples and variations
- Notes
- Note Numbers
- 14.24Numbers in text versus numbers in notes
- 14.25Sequencing of note numbers and symbols
- 14.26Placement of note number
- 14.27Note numbers with chapter and article titles and subheads
- 14.28Multiple citations and multiple note references
- Shortened Citations
- 14.29When to use shortened citations
- 14.30Basic structure of the short form
- 14.31Cross-reference to full citation
- 14.32Short form for authors’ names
- 14.33Short form for titles of works
- 14.34Shortened citations versus “ibid.”
- 14.35“Idem”
- 14.36“Op. cit.” and “loc. cit.”
- Commentary and Quotations in Notes
- 14.37Citations plus commentary in a note
- 14.38Quotation within a note
- 14.39Substantive notes
- 14.40Paragraphing within long notes
- 14.41Footnotes that break across pages in a printed work
- 14.42“See” and “cf.”
- Footnotes versus Endnotes
- 14.43Footnotes and endnotes—an overview
- 14.44Footnotes—pros and cons
- 14.45Endnotes—pros and cons
- 14.46Endnote placement
- 14.47Running heads for endnotes
- 14.48Special considerations for endnotes
- Two Sets of Notes
- 14.49Endnotes plus footnotes
- 14.50Footnotes plus author-date citations
- 14.51Editor’s or translator’s notes plus author’s notes
- Special Types of Notes
- 14.52Unnumbered notes
- 14.53Notes keyed to text by line or page numbers
- 14.54Source notes for previously published material
- 14.55Biographical notes and acknowledgments
- Remedies for Excessive Annotation
- 14.56Avoiding overlong notes
- 14.57Several citations in one note
- 14.58Citing sources in the text rather than in the notes
- 14.59Abbreviations for frequently cited works
- 14.60List of abbreviations
- Bibliographies
- Overview
- 14.61Relationship of bibliographies to notes
- 14.62Format and placement of bibliography
- 14.63Dividing a bibliography into sections
- 14.64Kinds of bibliographies
- Arrangement of Entries
- 14.65Alphabetical order for bibliography entries
- 14.66Arrangement of bibliography entries with more than one author
- The 3-Em Dash for Repeated Names in a Bibliography
- 14.67The 3-em dash in bibliographies—some caveats
- 14.68The 3-em dash for one repeated name
- 14.69The 3-em dash for more than one repeated name
- 14.70The 3-em dash for an institutional name
- 14.71Alphabetical order for titles by the same author
- Author’s Name
- 14.72Author’s name—overview and related discussions
- 14.73Form of author’s name
- 14.74Authors preferring initials
- 14.75One author
- 14.76Two or more authors (or editors)
- 14.77Two or more authors (or editors) with same family name
- 14.78Author’s name in title
- 14.79No listed author (anonymous works)
- 14.80Pseudonyms
- 14.81Cross-references for pseudonyms
- 14.82Alternative real names
- 14.83Authors known by a given name
- 14.84Organization as author
- Title of Work
- 14.85Additional discussion of titles
- 14.86Italics versus quotation marks for titles of cited works
- 14.87Capitalization of titles of cited works
- 14.88Some permissible changes to titles of cited works
- 14.89Subtitles in cited works and the use of the colon
- 14.90Two subtitles in a cited work
- 14.91Use of “or” with double titles
- 14.92“And other stories” and such
- 14.93Dates in titles of cited works
- 14.94Quoted titles and other terms within cited titles of works
- 14.95Italicized titles and other terms within cited titles of works
- 14.96Question marks or exclamation points in titles of cited works
- 14.97Older titles and very long titles
- 14.98Non-English titles of cited works
- 14.99Translated titles of cited works
- Books
- 14.100Elements to include when citing a book
- 14.101Form of author’s name and title of book in source citations
- 14.102Non-English bibliographic terms and abbreviations
- Editors, Translators, Compilers, or Cowriters
- 14.103Editor in place of author
- 14.104Editor or translator in addition to author
- 14.105Other contributors listed on the title page
- Chapters or Other Parts of a Book
- 14.106Chapter in a single-author book
- 14.107Contribution to a multiauthor book
- 14.108Several contributions to the same multiauthor book
- 14.109Book-length work within a book
- 14.110Introductions, prefaces, afterwords, and the like
- 14.111Letters in published collections
- 14.112Online-only supplement to a book
- Edition
- 14.113Editions other than the first
- 14.114Reprint editions and modern editions
- 14.115Microform editions
- Multivolume Works
- 14.116Volume numbers and page numbers
- 14.117Citing a multivolume work as a whole
- 14.118Citing a particular volume in a note
- 14.119Citing a particular volume in a bibliography
- 14.120Chapters and other parts of individual volumes
- 14.121One volume in two or more books
- 14.122Authors and editors of multivolume works
- Series
- 14.123Series titles, numbers, and editors
- 14.124Series or multivolume work?
- 14.125Multivolume work within a series
- 14.126“Old series” and “new series”
- Facts of Publication
- 14.127Place, publisher, and date
- Place of Publication
- 14.128Place and date only, for books published before 1900
- 14.129Place of publication—city
- 14.130When to specify state, province, or country of publication
- 14.131City names in languages other than English
- 14.132No place of publication
- Publisher’s Name
- 14.133Preferred form of publisher’s name
- 14.134Abbreviations and omissible parts of a publisher’s name
- 14.135“And” or ampersand in publisher’s name
- 14.136Non-English publishers’ names
- 14.137Self-published or privately published books
- 14.138Parent companies, imprints, and such
- 14.139Special academic imprints and joint imprints
- 14.140Copublication
- 14.141Distributed books
- Date of Publication
- 14.142Publication date—general
- 14.143New impressions and renewal of copyright
- 14.144Multivolume works published over more than one year
- 14.145No date of publication
- 14.146Forthcoming publications
- Page, Volume, and Other Locating Information
- 14.147Arabic versus roman numerals
- 14.148Citing a range of page numbers or other specific locators
- 14.149Page references with “ff.” and “passim”
- 14.150Abbreviations for “page,” “volume,” and so on
- 14.151When to omit “p.” and “pp.”
- 14.152When to omit “vol.”
- 14.153Page and chapter numbers
- 14.154Signed signatures
- 14.155Numbered leaves, or folios
- 14.156Line numbers
- 14.157Citing numbered notes
- 14.158Citing illustrations and tables
- Electronic Books
- 14.159Books requiring a specific application or device (e-books)
- 14.160Page or location numbers in electronic formats
- 14.161Books consulted online
- 14.162Freely available electronic editions of older works
- 14.163Books on CD-ROM and other fixed media
- Periodicals
- 14.164“Periodicals” defined
- 14.165Information to be included
- 14.166Journals versus magazines
- 14.167Basic structure of a periodical citation
- Journals
- 14.168Journal article—author’s name
- 14.169Journal article—title
- 14.170Title of journal
- 14.171Journal volume, issue, and date
- 14.172Forthcoming journal articles
- 14.173Journal article preprints
- 14.174Journal page references
- 14.175Journal articles consulted online
- 14.176Access dates for journal articles
- 14.177Article page numbers in relation to volume or issue numbers
- 14.178Journal special issues
- 14.179Journal supplements
- 14.180Articles published in installments
- 14.181Article appearing in two publications
- 14.182Place where journal is published
- 14.183Translated or edited article
- 14.184New series for journal volumes
- 14.185Short titles for articles
- 14.186Abstracts
- 14.187Electronic supplements or enhancements to journal articles
- Magazines
- 14.188Basic citation format for magazine articles
- 14.189Magazine articles consulted online
- 14.190Magazine departments
- Newspapers
- 14.191Basic citation format for newspaper articles
- 14.192Newspaper headlines
- 14.193Titles of newspapers
- 14.194Non-English titles of newspapers
- 14.195Regular columns or features
- 14.196Letters to the editor and readers’ comments
- 14.197Weekend supplements, magazines, and the like
- 14.198Citing a newspaper article in text rather than in a bibliography
- 14.199Unsigned newspaper articles
- 14.200News services and news releases
- Reviews
- 14.201Basic citation format for reviews
- 14.202Book reviews
- 14.203Reviews of plays, movies, television programs, concerts, and the like
- 14.204Unsigned reviews
- Websites, Blogs, and Social Media
- 14.205Websites, blogs, and social media defined
- 14.206Titles for websites, blogs, and social media
- 14.207Citing web pages and websites
- 14.208Citing blog posts and blogs
- 14.209Citing social media content
- 14.210Electronic mailing lists and forums
- Interviews and Personal Communications
- 14.211Unpublished interviews
- 14.212Unattributed interviews
- 14.213Published or broadcast interviews
- 14.214Personal communications
- Papers, Contracts, and Reports
- 14.215Theses and dissertations
- 14.216Unpublished manuscripts
- 14.217Lectures and papers or posters presented at meetings
- 14.218Working papers and the like
- 14.219Private contracts, wills, and such
- 14.220Pamphlets, reports, and the like
- Manuscript Collections
- 14.221Overview and additional resources
- 14.222Note forms versus bibliography entries
- 14.223Specific versus generic titles for manuscript collections
- 14.224Dates for manuscript collections
- 14.225Folios, page numbers, and such for manuscript collections
- 14.226“Papers” and “manuscripts”
- 14.227Location of depositories
- 14.228Collections of letters and the like
- 14.229Examples of note forms for manuscript collections
- 14.230Examples of bibliography entries for manuscript collections
- 14.231Letters and the like in private collections
- Special Types of References
- Reference Works
- 14.232Reference works consulted in physical formats
- 14.233Reference works consulted online
- 14.234Citing individual reference entries by author
- Artwork and Illustrations
- 14.235Citing paintings, photographs, and sculpture
- 14.236Citing exhibition catalogs
- 14.237Citing maps
- Scriptural References
- 14.238Biblical references—additional resource
- 14.239Bible chapter and verse
- 14.240Versions of the Bible
- 14.241Other sacred works
- Classical Greek and Latin References
- 14.242Where to cite classical references
- 14.243Identifying numbers in classical references
- 14.244Abbreviations in classical references
- 14.245Punctuation in classical references
- 14.246Citing specific editions of classical references
- 14.247Titles of classical works and collections
- 14.248Superscripts in classical references
- 14.249Collections of inscriptions
- 14.250Fragments of classical texts
- 14.251Modern editions of the classics
- 14.252Medieval references
- Classic English Poems and Plays
- 14.253Citing editions of classic English poems and plays
- 14.254Short forms for citing classic English poems and plays
- Musical Scores
- 14.255Published scores
- 14.256Unpublished scores
- Scientific Databases
- 14.257Citing data from a scientific database
- Patents and Standards
- 14.258Patents
- 14.259Standards
- Citations Taken from Secondary Sources
- 14.260Citations taken from secondary sources
- Audiovisual Recordings and Other Multimedia
- 14.261Multimedia—elements of the citation
- 14.262Discographies, filmographies, and the like
- Recordings and Live Performances
- 14.263Musical recordings
- 14.264Recorded readings, lectures, audiobooks, and the like
- 14.265Video and film recordings
- 14.266Live performances
- Online Multimedia and Apps
- 14.267Videos, podcasts, and other online multimedia
- 14.268Multimedia app content
- Legal and Public Documents
- 14.269Recommended stylebooks
- 14.270Legal and public documents online
- 14.271Note form for legal-style citations
- 14.272Typefaces in legal-style citations
- 14.273Page numbers and other locators in legal-style citations
- 14.274Abbreviations in legal-style citations
- 14.275Short forms for legal-style citations
- Cases and Court Decisions
- 14.276Cases or court decisions—basic elements
- 14.277United States Supreme Court decisions
- 14.278Lower federal-court decisions
- 14.279State- and local-court decisions
- Constitutions
- 14.280Constitutions
- Legislative and Executive Documents
- 14.281Legislative documents—abbreviations
- 14.282Laws and statutes
- 14.283Bills and resolutions
- 14.284Hearings
- 14.285Congressional reports and documents
- 14.286Congressional debates since 1873
- 14.287Records of congressional debates before 1873
- 14.288State laws and municipal ordinances
- 14.289Presidential documents
- 14.290Treaties
- 14.291Secondary sources and freestanding publications
- 14.292Unpublished government documents
- Canada
- 14.293Canadian reference works
- 14.294Canadian legal cases
- 14.295Canadian statutes
- 14.296Unpublished Canadian government documents
- United Kingdom
- 14.297UK reference works
- 14.298UK legal cases
- 14.299UK parliamentary publications
- 14.300UK statutes
- 14.301Publication of UK parliamentary debates
- 14.302UK command papers
- 14.303Unpublished UK government documents
- International Entities
- 14.304Intergovernmental bodies
- 14.305United Nations documents