• Table
  of Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Index

6 : Punctuation

• Introduction
• 6.1       Function
• 6.2       Coverage
• Typographic and Aesthetic Considerations
• 6.3       Punctuation and font: primary system
• 6.4       Boldface
• 6.5       Punctuation and font: alternative system
• 6.6       Parentheses and brackets
• 6.7       Another practice
• Closing Quotation Marks in Relation to Other Punctuation
• 6.8       Periods and commas
• 6.9       Colons, semicolons, question marks, and exclamation points
• 6.10     Alternative system
• Other Typographic Matters
• 6.11     Space between sentences
• 6.12     Display type
• Period
• 6.13     Use of the period
• 6.14     Location of period
• 6.15     Omission of period
• 6.16     Ellipses
• 6.17     URLs and e-mail addresses
• Comma
• 6.18     Use of the comma
• Series and the Serial Comma
• 6.19     Comma needed
• 6.20     Comma not needed
• 6.21     Semicolons within series
• 6.22     “Etc.” and “and so forth”
• 6.23     “Et al.”
• 6.24     Ampersand
• Introductory Words and Phrases
• 6.25     Introductory phrase with comma
• 6.26     Introductory phrase without comma
• 6.27     “Oh” and “ah”
• 6.28     Direct address
• 6.29     “Yes,” “no,” and the like
• Interjections and Descriptive Phrases
• 6.30     Parenthetical elements
• 6.31     Restrictive and nonrestrictive phrases
• Independent Clauses
• 6.32     Conjunctions between clauses
• 6.33     Conjunctions in a series
• 6.34     Compound predicate
• Dependent Clauses
• 6.35     Comma preceding main clause
• 6.36     Comma following main clause
• 6.37     “And if,” “that if,” and the like
• Relative Clauses
• 6.38     Restrictive and nonrestrictive
• Two or More Adjectives Preceding a Noun
• 6.39     Comma or no comma between adjectives
• 6.40     Repeated adjective
• Constructions with “Not,” “Not Only,” “The More,” “The Less”
• 6.41     “Not,” “not only,” and the like
• 6.42     “The more,” “the less,” and so on
• Appositives
• 6.43     Appositives with or without commas
• “That Is,” “Namely,” “For Example,” “Or,” and Similar Expressions
• 6.44     Commas customary
• Separating Homonyms
• 6.45     Commas between homonyms
• Dates
• 6.46     Commas needed or omitted
• Addresses and Names
• 6.47     Addresses and place-names in text
• 6.48     Personal names plus place-names
• 6.49     “Jr.,” “Sr.,” and the like
• 6.50     “Inc.,” “Ltd.,” and the like
• Elliptical Constructions
• 6.51     Comma indicating ellipsis
• Quotations, Maxims, and Questions
• 6.52     Placement of comma
• 6.53     Comma with quoted material
• 6.54     Comma with maxims and such
• 6.55     Comma with questions
• Comma with Parentheses and Brackets
• 6.56     Location of comma
• Semicolon
• 6.57     Use of the semicolon
• 6.58     Before an adverb
• 6.59     Before a conjunction
• 6.60     In a series
• 6.61     With “that is” and the like
• 6.62     With parentheses or brackets
• Colon
• 6.63     Use of the colon
• 6.64     Lowercase or capital letter after a colon?
• 6.65     With “as follows” and the like
• 6.66     Introducing speech
• 6.67     With introductory phrase
• 6.68     Inappropriate uses of colon
• 6.69     With parentheses or brackets
• Question Mark
• 6.70     Use of the question mark
• 6.71     Within a sentence
• 6.72     Indirect question
• 6.73     Indirect one-word question
• 6.74     Courtesy question
• 6.75     With quotation marks, parentheses, or brackets
• Exclamation Point
• 6.76     Use of the exclamation point
• 6.77     Exclamation rather than question
• 6.78     Inappropriate use
• 6.79     With quotation marks, parentheses, or brackets
• Hyphens and Dashes
• 6.80     Hyphens and dashes compared
• Hyphen
• 6.81     Compounds
• 6.82     To separate characters
• En Dash
• 6.83     En dash as “to”
• 6.84     With nothing following
• 6.85     In place of a hyphen
• 6.86     Other uses
• Em Dash
• 6.87     Versatility and frequency of use
• 6.88     Amplifying or explaining
• 6.89     Separating subject from pronoun
• 6.90     Indicating sudden breaks
• 6.91     Used in place of, or with, a comma
• 6.92     With other punctuation
• 6.93     Used instead of quotation marks
• 6.94     In an index
• 2-Em and 3-Em Dashes
• 6.95     2-em dash
• 6.96     3-em dash
• Parentheses
• 6.97     Characteristics of parentheses
• 6.98     With em dashes
• 6.99     Glosses or translations
• 6.100   Run-in lists
• 6.101   Telephone numbers
• 6.102   Parentheses within parentheses
• 6.103   With other punctuation
• Brackets
• Square Brackets
• 6.104   Use of square brackets
• 6.105   In translations
• 6.106   Within parentheses
• 6.107   In phonetics
• 6.108   With other punctuation
• Angle Brackets and Braces
• 6.109   Use of angle brackets
• 6.110   When to avoid angle brackets
• Slash
• 6.111   Terminology
• 6.112   Signifying alternatives
• 6.113   Technical use
• 6.114   With years
• 6.115   With dates
• 6.116   With abbreviations
• 6.117   With fractions
• 6.118   In poetry
• 6.119   Computer and Internet use
• Quotation Marks
• 6.120   Other discussions
• Multiple Punctuation and When to Avoid It
• 6.121   Likely combinations
• 6.122   No double period
• 6.123   When to omit comma or period
• Lists and Outline Style
• 6.124   Format
• 6.125   General principles
• 6.126   Run-in lists
• 6.127   Vertical lists: punctuation and format
• 6.128   Vertical lists in paragraph style
• 6.129   Vertical lists punctuated as a sentence
• 6.130   Vertical lists with subdivided items