Contents
- A Note to Students
- Preface
- Part IResearch and Writing
- Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams,
- Joseph Bizup, and William T. Fitzgerald
-
- 1What Research Is and How Researchers Think about It
- 1.1What Research Is
- 1.2How Researchers Think about Their Aims
- 1.3Conversing with Your Readers
- 2Defining a Project: Topic, Question, Problem, Working Hypothesis
- 2.1Find a Question in Your Topic
- 2.2Understanding Research Problems
- 2.3Propose a Working Hypothesis
- 2.4Build a Storyboard to Plan and Guide Your Work
- 2.5Join or Organize a Writing Group
- 3Finding Useful Sources
- 3.1Three Kinds of Sources and Their Uses
- 3.2Search for Sources Systematically
- 3.3Evaluate Sources for Relevance and Reliability
- 3.4Look beyond the Usual Kinds of References
- 3.5Record Your Sources Fully, Accurately, and Appropriately
- 4Engaging Your Sources
- 4.1Read Generously to Understand, Then Critically to Engage
- 4.2Take Notes Systematically
- 4.3Take Useful Notes
- 4.4Review Your Progress
- 4.5Manage Moments of Normal Anxiety
- 5Constructing Your Argument
- 5.1What a Research Argument Is and Is Not
- 5.2Build Your Argument around Answers to Readers’ Questions
- 5.3Turn Your Working Hypothesis into a Claim
- 5.4Assemble the Elements of Your Argument
- 5.5Prefer Arguments Based on Evidence to Arguments Based on Warrants
- 5.6Assemble an Argument
- 6Planning a First Draft
- 6.1Avoid Unhelpful Plans
- 6.2Create a Plan That Meets Your Readers’ Needs
- 6.3File Away Leftovers
- 7Drafting Your Paper
- 7.1Draft in the Way That Feels Most Comfortable
- 7.2Develop Effective Writing Habits
- 7.3Keep Yourself on Track through Headings and Key Terms
- 7.4Quote, Paraphrase, and Summarize Appropriately
- 7.5Integrate Quotations into Your Text
- 7.6Use Footnotes and Endnotes Judiciously
- 7.7Show How Complex or Detailed Evidence Is Relevant
- 7.8Be Open to Surprises
- 7.9Guard against Inadvertent Plagiarism
- 7.10Guard against Inappropriate Assistance
- 7.11Work Through Chronic Procrastination and Writer’s Block
- 8Presenting Evidence in Tables and Figures
- 8.1Choose Verbal or Visual Representations of Your Data
- 8.2Choose the Most Effective Graphic
- 8.3Design Tables and Figures
- 8.4Communicate Data Ethically
- 9Revising Your Draft
- 9.1Check for Blind Spots in Your Argument
- 9.2Check Your Introduction, Conclusion, and Claim
- 9.3Make Sure the Body of Your Report Is Coherent
- 9.4Check Your Paragraphs
- 9.5Let Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrase It
- 10Writing Your Final Introduction and Conclusion
- 10.1Draft Your Final Introduction
- 10.2Draft Your Final Conclusion
- 10.3Write Your Title Last
- 11Revising Sentences
- 11.1Focus on the First Seven or Eight Words of a Sentence
- 11.2Diagnose What You Read
- 11.3Choose the Right Word
- 11.4Polish It Up
- 11.5Give It Up and Turn It In
- 12Learning from Comments on Your Paper
- 12.1Two Kinds of Feedback: Advice and Data
- 12.2Find General Principles in Specific Comments
- 12.3Talk with Your Reader
- 13Presenting Research in Alternative Forums
- 13.1Plan Your Oral Presentation
- 13.2Design Your Presentation to Be Listened To
- 13.3Plan Your Poster Presentation
- 13.4Plan Your Conference Proposal
- 14On the Spirit of Research
-
- Part IISource Citation
- 15General Introduction to Citation Practices
- 15.1Reasons for Citing Your Sources
- 15.2The Requirements of Citation
- 15.3Two Citation Styles
- 15.4Electronic Sources
- 15.5Preparation of Citations
- 15.6Citation Management Tools
- 16Notes-Bibliography Style: The Basic Form
- 16.1Basic Patterns
- 16.2Bibliographies
- 16.3Notes
- 16.4Short Forms for Notes
- 17Notes-Bibliography Style: Citing Specific Types of Sources
- 17.1Books
- 17.2Journal Articles
- 17.3Magazine Articles
- 17.4Newspaper Articles
- 17.5Websites, Blogs, and Social Media
- 17.6Interviews and Personal Communications
- 17.7Papers, Lectures, and Manuscript Collections
- 17.8Older Works and Sacred Works
- 17.9Reference Works and Secondary Citations
- 17.10Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts
- 17.11Public Documents
- 18Author-Date Style: The Basic Form
- 18.1Basic Patterns
- 18.2Reference Lists
- 18.3Parenthetical Citations
- 19Author-Date Style: Citing Specific Types of Sources
- 19.1Books
- 19.2Journal Articles
- 19.3Magazine Articles
- 19.4Newspaper Articles
- 19.5Websites, Blogs, and Social Media
- 19.6Interviews and Personal Communications
- 19.7Papers, Lectures, and Manuscript Collections
- 19.8Older Works and Sacred Works
- 19.9Reference Works and Secondary Citations
- 19.10Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts
- 19.11Public Documents
-
- Part IIIStyle
- 20Spelling
- 20.1Plurals
- 20.2Possessives
- 20.3Compounds and Words Formed with Prefixes
- 20.4Line Breaks
- 21Punctuation
- 21.1Periods
- 21.2Commas
- 21.3Semicolons
- 21.4Colons
- 21.5Question Marks
- 21.6Exclamation Points
- 21.7Hyphens and Dashes
- 21.8Parentheses and Brackets
- 21.9Slashes
- 21.10Quotation Marks
- 21.11Apostrophes
- 21.12Multiple Punctuation Marks
- 22Names, Special Terms, and Titles of Works
- 22.1Names
- 22.2Special Terms
- 22.3Titles of Works
- 23Numbers
- 23.1Words or Numerals?
- 23.2Plurals and Punctuation
- 23.3Date Systems
- 23.4Numbers Used outside the Text
- 24Abbreviations
- 24.1General Principles
- 24.2Names and Titles
- 24.3Geographical Terms
- 24.4Time and Dates
- 24.5Units of Measure
- 24.6The Bible and Other Sacred Works
- 24.7Abbreviations in Citations and Other Scholarly Contexts
- 25Quotations
- 25.1Quoting Accurately and Avoiding Plagiarism
- 25.2Incorporating Quotations into Your Text
- 25.3Modifying Quotations
- 26Tables and Figures
- 26.1General Issues
- 26.2Tables
- 26.3Figures
-
- Appendix
- Paper Format and Submission
- A.1General Format Requirements
- A.2Format Requirements for Specific Elements
- A.3File Preparation and Submission Requirements
- Bibliography
- Authors
- Index